Effect of teacher encouragement during deep learning on attention and volleyball techniques among students at high school physical education
Keywords:
Combined teaching, attention students, volleyball techniques, physical educationAbstract
Background: Teacher Encouragement during Deep Learning (TEDL) based on literature has a positive impact, but it is not yet clear how it affects attention and volleyball technique among students. Objectives: Therefore, the current study aims to analyze the effects of TEDL on improving attention and volleyball techniques among students in physical education (PE) classes. Methods: An experimental method with a pretest-posttest design was adopted in this study. Forty participants were involved, representing students from several high schools in Sukabumi (Indonesia). They were recruited using inclusion criteria and randomly assigned to the TEDL group (n = 20) and the control group (CG) (n = 20). Assessment of attention and basic volleyball techniques was measured at the pretest and posttest stages. Finding/Results: The results of our study show that there are significant main effects of teaching (p < 0.05), time (p < 0.05) and interaction (p < 0.05) on attention and volleyball techniques. Conclusion: We firmly conclude that TEDL can be an alternative teaching model to replace traditional learning in improving attention and volleyball techniques among students. Future research is expected to design TEDL programs for other teaching materials such as basketball, soccer, futsal, swimming, hockey, or badminton.
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Author Biographies
Bachtiar, Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sukabumi, Sukabumi, Indonesia
Ade Tuti Lestari, Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Situs Jaya Banten, Banten, Indonesia
Titis Nurina, Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Social Sciences and Sports Education, Universitas PGRI Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Ahmad Adil, Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia
Edi Setiawan, School of Education, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah, Malaysia
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Copyright (c) 2025 Bachtiar Lau, Ade Tuti Lestari, Titis Nurina, Ahmad Adil, Edi Setiawan
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Accepted 2025-12-12
Published 2025-12-20
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