Improving primary school children's motor skills: a physical education approach using circuit games with auditory sequencing
Keywords:
Integration, circuit games, auditory motor sequencing, basic motor skills, primary school childrenAbstract
Background: Basic motor skills are an important foundation for physical activity and development in primary school children. However, many pupils have a delay in the development of these skills, so an innovative approach to motor learning is needed. One promising method is the integration of circuit play and auditory motor sequencing. Basic motor skills are an important foundation for physical activity and development in primary school children. However, many students struggle to develop these skills, necessitating an innovative approach to motor learning. One promising method is the integration of circuit play and auditory motor sequencing. Research Objectives: This study aims to investigate and test the effectiveness of integrating circuit games with auditory motor sequencing in improving basic motor skills in primary school children. Methods: In this research and development (RND) approach that involves several stages, namely game concept and design development, initial testing, and evaluation and revision based on test results. A total of 40 fourth-grade students from three elementary schools in Bojonegoro were selected through a purposive sampling technique. Data collection was done by analysing the basic motor skills of the students before and after the application of the method. Data analysis using the Content Validation Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) to assess the validity of the contents of the model and T-test to measure the results of large-scale tests. Finding/Results: The study showed that integrating circuit games with auditory motor significantly improved the basic motor skills of primary school children. In addition, this method also increases students’ interest and active participation in physical activity. Conclusion: The integration of circuit games with auditory motors is effective in improving basic motor skills in primary school children. These findings support the importance of using innovative approaches to motor learning. This research contributes to the enrichment of motor learning models that can be adapted by physical education teachers. Recommendations for further research may include investigating auditory motor with other learning materials in the field of physical education.
Downloads
Author Biographies
Hilmy Aliriad, Department of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sunan Giri, Bojonegoro, Indonesia
Mohamad Da’i, Department of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sunan Giri, Bojonegoro, Indonesia
Benny Widya Priadana, Department of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sunan Giri, Bojonegoro, Indonesia
Moch Rimba Wigantara, Department of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sunan Giri, Bojonegoro, Indonesia
Muchammad Ridwan Arifianto, Department of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sunan Giri, Bojonegoro, Indonesia
References
Aarabi, S., Mohammadkhani, G., Farahani, S., Jalaie, S., Parand, A., & Yali, K. P. (2023). Effect of Subliminal Auditory Stimulation on Components of Auditory Late Responses and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in Adults with Normal Hearing. In Auditory and Vestibular Research. Knowledge E DMCC. https://doi.org/10.18502/avr.v32i3.12934 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/avr.v32i3.12934
Ali, A., McLachlan, C., McLaughlin, T., Mugridge, O., Conlon, C., Mumme, K., & Knightbridge-Eager, T. (2021). Fundamental Movement Skills and Physical Activity of 3–4-Year-Old Children within Early Childhood Centers in New Zealand. Children, 8(9), 742. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090742 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090742
Aliriad, H. (2023). Analisis Konsep Permainan Tradisional dan Implementasinya dalam Pendidikan Olahraga. Jurnal MensSana, 8(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.24036/menssana.08012023.07
Aliriad, H., Adi, S., Manullang, J. G., Endrawan, I. B., & Satria, M. H. (2024). Improvement of Motor Skills and Motivation to Learn Physical Education Through the Use of Traditional Games. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(1), 32–40. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.1.04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.1.04
Anggraini, Y., Tuasikal, A. R. S., & Subagio, I. (2024). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Pjok Pada Materi Kebugaran Jasmani Melalui Sport Dragon Ladder. Jurnal Kejaora (Kesehatan Jasmani dan Olah Raga), 8(2), 249-254.. https://doi.org/10.36526/kejaora.v8i2.3217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36526/kejaora.v8i2.3217
Al Anshory, D. & Sulistijorini. (2019). Ethnobotany of Traditional Children’s Games of Javanese Society in Central Java: Etnobotani Permainan Tradisional Anak-Anak Masyarakat Jawa di Jawa Tengah. Media Konservasi, 24(3), 252–260. https://doi.org/10.29244/medkon.24.3.252-260 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/medkon.24.3.252-260
Ardanari, P., Nurhasan, N., & Tuasikal, A. S. (2023). Motor Skills Increase In The Learning Model Of Circuit Games. COMPETITOR: Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga, 15(2), 298. Universitas Negeri Makassar. https://doi.org/10.26858/cjpko.v15i2.46928 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26858/cjpko.v15i2.46928
Asriansyah, A. (2018). Pengembangan Permainan Tradisional untuk Melestarikan Budaya Bangsa melalui Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 3(1), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v3i1.10597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v3i1.10597
Astiati, Samodra, T. J., & Gustian, U. (2021). Tanggapan Siswa Terhadap Pemanasan yang Dilakukan dengan Modifikasi Permainan Tradisional. Edu Sportivo Indonesian Journal of Physical Education, 2(2), 85–91. https://doi.org/10.25299/es:ijope.2021.vol2(2).6809 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25299/es:ijope.2021.vol2(2).6809
Barca, M., Quinto, A. M. V., & Sgrò, F. (2022). Assessing Declarative Tactical Knowledge in Physical Education: Theoretical Model and Practical Perspectives. Handbook of Research on Using Motor Games in Teaching and Learning Strategy IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9621-0.ch015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9621-0.ch015
Capio, C. M., & Eguia, K. F. (2021). Movement Skills, Perception, and Physical Activity of Young Children: A Mediation Analysis. Pediatrics International, 63(4), 442–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.14436 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.14436
Caravaca-Rodriguez, D., Suaning, G. J., & Barriga-Rivera, A. (2022). Cross-Modal Activation of the Primary Visual Cortex by Auditory Stimulation in RCS Rats: Considerations in Visual Prosthesis. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference, 2022, 1711–1714. https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871504 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC48229.2022.9871504
Chen, J., Song, W., Zhao, X., Lou, H., & Luo, D. (2023). The Relationship between Fundamental Motor Skills and Physical Fitness in Preschoolers: A Short-Term Longitudinal Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1270888. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1270888 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1270888
Cheng, S.-Y., Tai, H.-L., & Wang, T.-T. (2023). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Children’s Fundamental Motor Skills: A Study for the Taiwanese Preschoolers Teachers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(18), 6764. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20186764 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20186764
Cheung, W. C., Ostrosky, M. M., Favazza, P. C., Stalega, M., & Yang, H.-W. (2022). Exploring the Perspectives of Preschool Teachers on Implementing Structured Motor Programs in Inclusive Classrooms. Early Childhood Education Journal, 51(2), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01295-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01295-x
Costa, C. L. A., Cattuzzo, M. T., Stodden, D. F., & Ugrinowitsch, H. (2021). Motor Competence in Fundamental Motor Skills and Sport Skill Learning: Testing the Proficiency Barrier Hypothesis. Human Movement Science, 80, 102877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2021.102877 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2021.102877
Devereux, F., Whyte, E., Gavigan, N., & O’Connor, S. (2023). Developing a Framework for a Games-Based Injury Prevention Exercise Programme for Post-Primary (12–18 Years) Physical Education Class: A Delphi Poll Study. In European Physical Education Review. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336x231206245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X231206245
Eng, J. (2022). Physical Activity Games and Fitness in Primary School Age Children. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 93(5), 64. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2022.2053495 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2022.2053495
Gao, P., Matsumoto, K., Narumi, T., & Hirose, M. (2020). Visual-Auditory Redirection: Multimodal Integration of Incongruent Visual and Auditory Cues for Redirected Walking. 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), Porto de Galinhas, Brazil, 639-648. https://doi.org/10.1109/ismar50242.2020.00092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR50242.2020.00092
Glannon, W. (2021). Auditory and Visual Prosthetics. Neural Prosthetics, 1–37. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813910.003.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813910.003.0001
Gomes, S., Antunes, R., Sales, I., Marques, R., & Oliveira, A. (2024). Enhancing Autonomy in Preschoolers: The Role of Motor Games in Development. Education Sciences, 14(5), 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14050524 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14050524
Gustian, U., Gandasari, F. M., & Mahendra, A. (2024). Effectiveness of Teaching Games for Understanding (TGFU): Using a Modified Kasti Game to Stimulate Elementary School Students’ Motor Skills. Edu Sportivo: Indonesian Journal of Physical Education , 5(1), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.25299/esijope.2024.vol5(1).16335 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25299/esijope.2024.vol5(1).16335
Han, X., Zhao, M., Kong, Z., & Xie, J. (2022). Association between Fundamental Motor Skills and Executive Function in Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 978994. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.978994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.978994
Hu, J., Zhang, S., Ye, W., Zhu, Y., Zhou, H., Lu, L., Chen, Q., & Korivi, M. (2023). Influence of Different Caregiving Styles on Fundamental Movement Skills among Children. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1232551. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1232551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1232551
Indriyani, D., Muslihin, H. Y., & Mulyadi, S. (2021). Manfaat Permainan Tradisional Engklek dalam Aspek Motorik Kasar Anak. Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Undiksha, 9(3), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.23887/paud.v9i3.34164 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/paud.v9i3.34164
Ito, T. (2020). Innovations in objective audiometry. Audiology Japan, 66(3). 163–173. https://doi.org/10.4295/audiology.63.163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4295/audiology.63.163
Júnior, A. Z., Eirín-Nemiña, R., & Rodríguez, J. R. (2022). Motor Games Among Teenagers Immersed in Cyberculture. Handbook of Research on Using Motor Games in Teaching and Learning Strategy, 416–433. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9621-0.ch023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9621-0.ch023
Jurado, C., Larrea, M., Rosero, D., Vizuete, J., & Marquardt, T. (2021). Critical Repetition Rates for Perceptual Segregation of Time-Varying Auditory, Visual and Vibrotactile Stimulation. Timing & Time Perception, 10(2), 122-141. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-bja10043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-bja10043
Khovivah, A., & Putri, W. T. A. (2023). Profil Gaya Belajar Siswa Dan Faktor Yang Mempengaruhinya di Kelas Va MIN 6 Ponorogo. AL-THIFL Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, 3(1), 318–333. https://doi.org/10.21154/thifl.v3i1.2102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21154/thifl.v3i1.2102
Lawson, C., Eyre, E. L. J., Tallis, J., & Duncan, M. J. (2021). Fundamental Movement Skill Proficiency Among British Primary School Children: Analysis at a Behavioral Component Level. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 128(2), 625–648. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512521990330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512521990330
Liang, W., Guo, H., Mittelstein, D. R., Shapiro, M. G., Shimojo, S., & Shehata, M. (2023). Auditory Mondrian Masks the Airborne-Auditory Artifact of Focused Ultrasound Stimulation in Humans. Brain Stimulation, 16(2), 604–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.03.002
Ma, F.-F., & Luo, D.-M. (2023). Relationships between Physical Activity, Fundamental Motor Skills, and Body Mass Index in Preschool Children. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1094168. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1094168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1094168
Martínez, F. R., López, M. M., García, M. I. G., & Santos, N. G. (2022). Creation of Playful Learning Indicators and Their Application in Cooperation-Opposition Motor Games. Handbook of Research on Using Motor Games in Teaching and Learning Strategy, 294–316. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9621-0.ch016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9621-0.ch016
Maspika, S., & Kurniawan, W. (2019). Pengaruh Penerapan Metode Vakt (Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, Tactile) Terhadap Peningkatan Kemampuan Membaca Permulaan pada Siswa Kelas I Sekolah Dasar. Anfusina Journal of Psychology, 2(1), 61–78. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajp.v2i1.4153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24042/ajp.v2i1.4153
Mota-Rojas, D., Whittaker, A. L., Domínguez-Oliva, A., Strappini, A. C., Álvarez-Macías, A., Mora-Medina, P., Ghezzi, M., Lendez, P., Lezama-García, K., & Grandin, T. (2024). Tactile, Auditory, and Visual Stimulation as Sensory Enrichment for Dairy Cattle. Animals, 14(9), 1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091265 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091265
Nees, M. A. (2024). Auditory Versus Visual Interruptions: A Skeptical Perspective on Auditory Preemption and Suggestions for Advancing Theory. Auditory Perception & Cognition, 7(2), 140–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/25742442.2024.2311054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/25742442.2024.2311054
Pomper, U., Schmid, R., & Ansorge, U. (2020). Continuous, Lateralized Auditory Stimulation Biases Visual Spatial Processing. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1183. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01183
Pranjić, M., Leung, J., Tam, K. L., Polatajko, H., Welsh, T., Chau, T., & Thaut, M. (2024). Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder Display Atypical Interhemispheric Connectivity during Conscious and Subconscious Rhythmic Auditory-Motor Synchronization. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 19954. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69807-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69807-4
Ramadhanty, E., Wulandari, R. T., & Tirtaningsih, M. T. (2022). Abhinaya Circuit Video Media in Online Learning to Train Physical-Motor Ability of Early Childhood: A Developmental Studies, Child Education Journal, 4(1). 38–49. https://doi.org/10.33086/cej.v4i1.2824 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33086/cej.v4i1.2824
Ranuharja, F., Ganefri, G., Fajri, B. R., Prasetya, F., & Samala, A. D. (2021). Development Of Interactive Learning Media Edugame Using Addie Model. Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Pendidikan, 14(1), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.24036/tip.v14i1.412 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/tip.v14i1.412
Rizwan, A. (2023). The Effect of Visual and Auditory Stressful Stimulation Induction on Episodic Memory among University Students; A Music Based Interventional Study. AEA Randomized Controlled Trials. https://doi.org/10.1257/rct.12708-1.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/rct.12708-1.0
Russell, M. K. (2020). Impact of Qualitative and Quantitative Visual Experience on the Auditory Perception of Apertures. Auditory Perception & Cognition, 3(3), 124–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/25742442.2021.1888371 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/25742442.2021.1888371
Sabet, V. K., Mohammadkhani, G., Rouhbakhsh, N., & Tavanai, E. (2023). Effect of Binaural Beat Stimulation on Auditory and Visual Sustained Attentions in Young People with Normal Hearing. Auditory and Vestibular Research, 32(4), 314-321. https://doi.org/10.18502/avr.v32i4.13595 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/avr.v32i4.13595
Satria, M. H., Ramadhan, N., Aliriad, H., & Da’i, M. (2023). Circuit-Based Basic Motor Activity Games: An Innovative Solution to Improve the Movement Skills of Children With Dyspraxia in the Context of Physical Education. Edu Sportivo Indonesian Journal of Physical Education, 4(3), 256–269. https://doi.org/10.25299/esijope.2023.vol4(3).14293 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25299/esijope.2023.vol4(3).14293
Sogabe, M., Izaki, Y., Okahisa, T., & Takayama, T. (2022). Improvement of Acceptability in Patients Undergoing Esophagogastroduodenoscopy using Auditory and Visual Stimulation. JMI: The journal of medical investigation, 69(1.2), 8–18. https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.69.8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.69.8
Tun, M. T., Aye, T., Htut, T. Z. C., Tin, W. M., & Khin, M. T. (2023). Fundamental Motor Skill Proficiency Among 7- To 10-Year-Old Children with Down Syndrome. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 35(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.35.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.35.1
Utama, S. F., Kristina, P. C., & Lubis, P. H. M. (2023). Pengembangan Permainan Kecil pada Materi Lari Jarak Pendek. Jurnal Porkes, 6(2), 797–812. https://doi.org/10.29408/porkes.v6i2.20307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29408/porkes.v6i2.20307
Widiarti, A. U., & Anggita, G. M. (2022). The Role of Traditional Games on Children’s Ground Motor and Emotional Ability. ACPES Journal of Physical Education, Sport, and Health (AJPESH), 2(2), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.15294/ajpesh.v2i2.60887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/ajpesh.v2i2.60887
Williams, J., & Pill, S. (2021). Traditional Asian Games, Doing Critical Pedagogy and the Knowledge that Actually Counts in Australian Physical Education Teacher Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 41(3), 425–435. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2021-0025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2021-0025
Zamorano-García, D., Plaza-Carrasco, M., López-Pérez, A. B., Aguilar-Jurado, M. Á., & Fernández-Bustos, J. G. (2022). Creation of Playful Learning Indicators in Relation to Motor Games in Early Childhood Education: Application in the Clasroom. Handbook of Research on Using Motor Games in Teaching and Learning Strategy, 16–133. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9621-0.ch007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9621-0.ch007
Zheng, N. (2023). “Cognitive Computing of Visual and Auditory Information”: State of the Art. Cognitive Computing of Visual and Auditory Information (pp.29-40). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3228-3_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3228-3_2
Zhu, M., Chen, F., Shi, C., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Amplitude Envelope Onset Characteristics Modulate Phase Locking for Speech Auditory-Motor Synchronization. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 31(4), 1661–1669. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-023-02446-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-023-02446-4
Zhu, W., & Wu, S. (2023). Design and Implementation of Digital Circuit Virtual Simulation Experimental System Based on Serious Games. Proceedings of the 2023 8th International Conference on Distance Education and Learning, 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1145/3606094.3606121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3606094.3606121
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Hilmy Aliriad, Mohamad Da’i, Benny Widya Priadana, Moch Rimba Wigantara, Muchammad Ridwan Arifianto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, search, or link to full-text articles in this journal without asking by giving appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. All of the remix, transform, or build upon the material must distribute the contributions under the same license as the original.
Accepted 2024-12-11
Published 2025-02-05
