Design and evaluation of a circuit-based team competition model to enhance fundamental athletic skills in primary school physical education
Keywords:
Group competition model, circuit method, basic techniques, athleticsAbstract
Background: Innovative learning models are essential for enhancing fundamental athletic skills among primary school students. Traditional methods often fail to engage learners, leading to low participation and limited skill development in physical education (PE). There is a need for engaging, structured models that effectively combine physical activity with motivation and teamwork. Research Objectives: This study aims to design and evaluate the effectiveness of a circuit-based team competition model to improve basic athletic techniques in primary school PE. Method: A research and development (R&D) approach was used, involving 30 purposively selected students. The model was developed through expert validation and implemented over a five-week field trial. Data were collected using expert judgment forms and a fundamental athletics skill test. A one-sample t-test was conducted to assess pretest and posttest differences. Finding/Results: The implementation of the model resulted in significant improvements in students’ athletic performance. The mean score increased from 62.4 (SD = 5.3) to 78.6 (SD = 6.1), with a statistically significant result (t = 6.24; p < 0.001). Approximately 90% of students demonstrated notable improvement. The highest gains were observed in sprinting and mini hurdles, which also showed strong instrument validity (r = 0.68–0.69). Conclusion: The circuit-based team competition model is effective in enhancing primary students’ basic athletic skills while also boosting motivation and active participation. This study offers a promising approach for improving learning strategies in physical education.
Downloads
Author Biographies
Iskandar, Department of Physical Education, Sport, Health, and Recreation, Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia
Juhanis, Department of Physical Education, Sport, Health, and Recreation, Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia
M. Adam Mappaompo, Department of Physical Education, Sport, Health, and Recreation, Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia
M. Yusuf Susilo Abdillah, Department of Physical Education, Sport, Health, and Recreation, Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia
Hilmy Aliriad, Department of Physical Education, Sport, Health, and Recreation, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sunan Giri, Bojonegoro, Indonesia
References
Adi, S., Aliriad, H., Nova, A., Firmansyah, G., & Arbanisa, W. (2023). Primary School Physical Education Management: Profiles and Predictors in Central Java. Journal Sport Area 8(1), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2023.vol8(1).11223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2023.vol8(1).11223
Adi, S., Aliriad, H., Arbanisa, W., Winoto, A., Ramadhan, I., & Rizqanada, A. (2023). High Intensity Interval Training on Physical Fitness. Jurnal Maenpo : Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Kesehatan dan Rekreasi, 13(2), 111. https://doi.org/10.35194/jm.v13i2.3369 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35194/jm.v13i2.3369
Afrillan, M. B., Lengkana Anggi Setia, & Supriyadi, T. (2024). Meningkatkan Motivasi Siswa melalui Model Pembelajaran Kompetisi Kelompok dalam Pembelajaran Atletik dengan menggunakan Permainan Sirkuit Formula 1. Gelanggang Olahraga: Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga (JPJO), 7(2), 577-586. https://doi.org/10.31539/jpjo.v7i2.9732 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31539/jpjo.v7i2.9732
Aliriad, H., Da’i, M., S, A., & Apriyanto, R. (2023). Strategi Peningkatan Motorik untuk Menstimulus Motorik Anak Usia Dini melalui Pendekatan Aktivitas Luar Ruangan. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 7(4),4609–4623. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v7i4.4149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v7i4.4149
Aliriad, H., Adi, S., Hudah, M., Apriyanto, R., & Da’i, M. (2024). Pengaruh Circuit Training dan Kadar Oksigen dalam Minuman Terhadap Nilai VO2MAX. Jendela Olahraga 7(1),159–167. https://doi.org/10.26877/jo.v9i1.16022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26877/jo.v9i1.16022
Aliriad, H., S, A., Manullang, J. G., Endrawan, I. B., & Satria, M. H. (2024). Improvement of Motor Skills and Motivation to Learn Physical Education Through the Use of Traditional Games. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(1),32–40. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.1.04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.1.04
Aliriad, H., Da’i, M., Priadana, B. W., Wigantara, M. R., & Arifianto, M. R. (2025). Improving Primary School Children’s Motor Skills: A Physical Education Approach using Circuit Games with Auditory Sequencing. Edu Sportivo: Indonesian Journal of Physical Education , 6(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.25299/esijope.2025.vol6(1).19149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25299/esijope.2025.vol6(1).19149
Bujang, M., Alias, B. S., & Mansor, A. N. (2025). Evaluating the Content Validity of Instruments for Measuring Principal’s Ethical Leadership Practices Using the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) Method. e-Bangi Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 22(1), 99-108. https://doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2025.2201.08 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2025.2201.08
Charest, J. (2022). Sleep and Athletic Performance: Impacts on Physical Performance, Mental Performance, Injury Risk and Recovery, and Mental Health: An Update. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 17(2), 263-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.03.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.03.006
Clemente, F. M. (2021). Relationships between Sleep, Athletic and Match Performance, Training Load, and Injuries: A Systematic Review of Soccer Players. Healthcare (Switzerland), 9(7),1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070808 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070808
Da’i, M., & Aliriad, H. (2021). The Effectiveness of Online Physical Education Learning during Covid-19 Pandemic on Students of SMA Plus Alfatimah Bojonegoro. Kinestetik : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani, 5(3), 604–611. https://doi.org/10.33369/jk.v5i3.17765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33369/jk.v5i3.17765
Da’i, M., S, A., Apriyanto, R., & Aliriad, H. (2024). Apa Motivasi Mahasiswa Olahraga dalam Mendukung Klub Sepakbola Lokal?. Sepakbola, 4(2), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.33292/sepakbola.v4i2.332 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33292/sepakbola.v4i2.332
Dwijayanti, K., Hakim, A. R., Nugroho, U., Muryadi, A. D., Firdaus, M., & Aliriad, H. (2024). Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Yoga on Blood Pressure in Women Between the Ages of 30 and 40 Years. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 7(4), 753–764. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1457645 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1457645
Finlay, M. J. (2022). Upper-Body Post-activation Performance Enhancement for Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis and Recommendations for Future Research. Sports Medicine, 52(4), 847–871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01598-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01598-4
Hagyard, J. (2021). Inhibitory Control Across Athletic Expertise and its Relationship with Sport Performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 43(1), 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1123/JSEP.2020-0043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2020-0043
Kemmler, W. (2021). Efficacy of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Non-athletic Adults. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers Physiology, 12, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021. 640657 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.640657
Kliethermes, S. A. (2020). Impact of Youth Sports Specialisation on Career and Task-Specific Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review Following the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (Amssm) Collaborative Research Network’s 2019 Youth Early Sport Specialisation Summit. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(4), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101365
Lago-Peñas, C. (2023). Evolution of Physical and Technical Parameters in the Spanish Laliga 2012-2019. Science and Medicine in Football, 7(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2022.2049980 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2022.2049980
Maloney, S. J. (2021). Lower Limb Stiffness Testing in Athletic Performance: A Critical Review. Sports Biomechanics, 20(1), 109–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141. 2018.1460395 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2018.1460395
Manullang, J. G., Aliriad, H., Purba, P. H., & Da’i, M. (2024). Innovation in Physical Testing Equipment for Karate Junior Kumite Category. Journal Sport Area, 9(1), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2024.vol9(1).14696 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2024.vol9(1).14696
Martinus, M., Manullang, J. G., Aliriad, H., Endrawan, I. B., Dwijayanti, K., Jamaliah, N., & Makorohim, M. F. (2024). Approach to the Game Take the Ball to Practice Swimming Skills for Beginners in Physical Education. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 7(4), 905-913. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1486779 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1486779
Mazaheri, R. (2021). Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Parameters in Athletic Population: A Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(21), https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215073
McCourt, D. M. (2022). Conclusion: The Space of Constructivism. The New Constructivism in International Relations Theory, Book chapter, 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529217827.003.0009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529217827.003.0009
Newby, Z. (2023). Greek Athletics in the Roman World: Victory and Virtue. In Greek Athletics the Roman World: Victory and Virtue. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199279302
Pérez-Gómez, J. (2022). Physical Exercises for Preventing Injuries among Adult Male Football Players: A Systematic Review. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 11(1), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.11.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.11.003
Petersen, S. E. (2023). Excessive Trabeculation of the Left Ventricle: JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging Expert Panel Paper. In JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 16(3), 408–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.12.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.12.026
Putnick, D. L. (2020). Developmental Stability of Scholastic, Social, Athletic, and Physical Appearance Self-Concepts from Preschool to Early Adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 61(1), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13107
Radnor, J. M. (2020). Developing Athletic Motor Skill Competencies in Youth. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 42(6), 54–70. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000602
Rahmat, R. A., Saidi, S. B., & Nasir, N. S. M. (2024). Content Validity of Digital Knowledge using CVI Method. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 9, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v9isi20.6092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v9iSI20.6092
Rukiah, & Malik, L. R. (2024). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kelompok dalam meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa melalui Pendekatan Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP). EDUCASIA: Jurnal Pendidikan, Pengajaran, dan Pembelajaran, 9(2),113–124. https://doi.org/10.21462/educasia.v9i2.256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21462/educasia.v9i2.256
Satria, M. H., Aliriad, H., Kesumawati, S. A., Fahritsani, H., Endrawan, I. B., & S, A. (2023). Model Pengembangan Keterampilan Motorik My Home Environment terhadap Anak Disabilitas Intelektual. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 7(20), 2336–2347. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v7i2.4415 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v7i2.4415
Satria, M. H., Ramadhan, N., Aliriad, H., & Da’i, M. (2023). Circuit-Based Basic Motor Activity Games: An Innovative Solution to Improve the Movement Skills of Children with Dyspraxia in the Context of Physical Education. In Edu Sportivo: Indonesian Journal of Physical Education, 4(3), 256–269. https://doi.org/10.25299/esijope.2023.vol4(3).14293 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25299/esijope.2023.vol4(3).14293
Satria, M. H., Aliriad, H., Nuzulia, D., Mangngassai, I. A. M., Junaidi, I. A., & Zainuddin, M. (2024). Game-Based Physical Education Learning to Improve Basic Manipulative Movement Skills in Primary School Children. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 8(6), 8117–8125. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v8i6.3756 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v8i6.3756
Silitonga, R. H. (2023). Strategi Pembelajaran Melalui Permainan: Membangun Motivasi dan Keaktifan Siswa dalam Belajar. Center for Open Science. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/6fxdk DOI: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/6fxdk
Silva, H. (2023). Acceleration and Deceleration Demands during Training Sessions in Football: A Systematic Review. In Science and Medicine in Football, 7(3), 198–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2022.2090600 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2022.2090600
Tallent, J. (2021). Corticospinal and Spinal Adaptations to Motor Skill and Resistance Training: Potential Mechanisms and Implications for Motor Rehabilitation and Athletic Development. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(3), 707–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04584-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04584-2
Wang, F., & Sahid, S. (2024). Content Validation and Content Validity Index Calculation for Entrepreneurial Behavior Instruments among Vocational College Students in China. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(9), 2024187. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024187 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024187
Wijaya, R. G., Fitri, E. S. M., Nugraha, P. D., Sepriyanto, A., & Zarya, F. (2024). Improving the Performance of Karate Athletes: Fartlek and Circuit Training in the Increasing VO2max. Fizjoterapia Polska, 24(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.56984/8zg2ef824g DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG2EF824g
Yuwono, C., S, A., Appukutty, M., Setyowati, E., Riyalda, B. F., Aliriad, H., & Utama, M. B. R. (2025). High-Flying Research Trends and Innovations in Young Athletes’ Jump Training: A Bibliographic Analysis of Research Over Ten Years. In Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 25(1), 202–208.. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.1.24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.1.24
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Iskandar, Juhanis, M. Adam Mappaompo, M. Yusuf Susilo Abdillah, Hilmy Aliriad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, search, or link to full-text articles in this journal without asking by giving appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. All of the remix, transform, or build upon the material must distribute the contributions under the same license as the original.
Accepted 2025-06-18
Published 2025-08-15
.png)
.png){kind=logo}
.png)
1.png){kind=icon}
