Dominasi Patriarki Terhadap Tokoh Perempuan dalam Novel Gadis Pantai: Kajian Kritik Sastra Feminis
Keywords:
Gadis Pantai, gender inequality, patriarchy, feminismAbstract
This study examines gender inequality in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's novel Gadis Pantai (The Beach Girl) using a feminist approach, focusing on the portrayal of patriarchal domination and its impact on the female character, Gadis Pantai. The gap seen in related literature often overlooks the importance of studying gender inequality in Indonesian literature, especially in terms of the influence of social structures on women's lives. This study aims to identify and analyse the forms of gender inequality experienced by Gadis Pantai, including subordination, marginalisation, stereotyping, double burden, and violence. Using a qualitative approach and literary text analysis, this study finds that the gender inequality depicted in this novel is highly relevant to the issues of gender inequality that still exist in contemporary society. The main findings show that although Gadis Pantai struggles to gain autonomy and freedom, she remains trapped in a role determined by a patriarchal system that limits her potential. This study affirms that Gadis Pantai is not only a literary work that reflects social injustice in the past, but also serves as a relevant social critique for fighting for gender equality in modern society.
Downloads
References
Abraham, M., & Tastsoglou, E. (2016). Addressing domestic violence in Canada and the United States: The uneasy co-habitation of women and the state. Current Sociology, 64, 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392116639221 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392116639221
Adam, S., & Syastra, M. T. (2015). Pemanfaatan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Teknologi Informasi Bagi Siswa Kelas X SMA Ananda Batam. CBIS Journal, 3 No 2, 78–90. http://ejournal.upbatam.ac.id/index.php/cbis/article/view/400
Addo-Lartey, A., Adanu, R., Coker-Appiah, D., Jewkes, R., Chirwa, E., Alangea, D., Dako-Gyeke, P., & Sikweyiya, Y. (2020). Patriarchy and gender-inequitable attitudes as drivers of intimate partner violence against women in the central region of Ghana. BMC Public Health, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08825-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08825-z
Adongo, A. A., Dapaah, J., & Azumah, F. D. (2023). Gender and leadership positions: understanding women’s experiences and challenges in patriarchal societies in Northern Ghana. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-02-2023-0028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-02-2023-0028
Afifah, A., Ariyani, F., Fuad, M., Suyanto, E., & Samhati, S. (2023). Gender in the Image of Female Characters in Andrea Hirata’s Novel Padang Bulan and Cinta Di Dalam Gelas: A Feminist Review. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v10i5.4697 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v10i5.4697
Agustina, N. (2019). Hegemonic masculinity aspects in C.S Lewis’ The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. https://consensus.app/papers/hegemonic-masculinity-aspects-in-cs-lewis-’-the-lion-the-agustina/814daec41e345e4b90094b6c58bad20e/
Ahmad, H., Sumarti, E., Sriwulandari, Y. A., & Sorraya, A. (2022). Mas Nganten’s Discourse in Gadis Pantai Novel Works by Pramoedya Ananta Toer (Michel Foucault’s Critical Discourse Perspective). International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v5-i11-30 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v5-i11-30
Altay, S. (2019). Patriarchy and Women’s Subordination: A Theoretical Analysis. E-Şarkiyat İlmi Araştırmaları Dergisi/Journal of Oriental Scientific Research (JOSR). https://doi.org/10.26791/SARKIAT.541704 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26791/sarkiat.541704
Amalia, N., & Nawawī. (2021). Gender Equality and Injustice Against Female Main Characters in the Collection of Indonesian Women Writers. 254–259. https://doi.org/10.2991/ASSEHR.K.210430.039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210430.039
Amani, Z., Samar, R., & Salumahale, F. E. (2024). Woman as Second-Class Citizens: The Impact of Patriarchy on Afghan Women in Hashimi’s One Half from The East. Cultural Narratives. https://doi.org/10.59066/cn.v1i3.850 DOI: https://doi.org/10.59066/cn.v1i3.850
Applin, S., Simpson, J., & Curtis, A. (2022). Men Have Gender and Women Are People: A Structural Approach to Gender and Violence. Violence Against Women, 29, 1097–1118. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012221104844 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012221104844
Asri, Y., & Hayati, Y. (2019). Construction of Women’s Roles in Patriarchal Culture (Feminist study towards modern Indonesian novels). Proceedings of the Second Conference on Language, Literature, Education, and Culture (ICOLLITE 2018). https://doi.org/10.2991/ICOLLITE-18.2019.8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/icollite-18.2019.8
Astuti, N. M. I. P., Dharma, M. A., & Fatmawan, A. R. (2024). Representation of Gender Injustice in the Novel “Gadis Pantai” by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Musamus Journal of Language and Literature. https://doi.org/10.35724/mujolali.v7i1.6208 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35724/mujolali.v7i1.6208
Azcona, G., & Bhatt, A. (2020). Inequality, gender, and sustainable development: measuring feminist progress. Gender & Development, 28, 337–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2020.1753390 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2020.1753390
Aziz, M. (2023). Women’s Double Burden in the Family Between Culture and Discrimination. Potret Pemikiran. https://doi.org/10.30984/pp.v27i2.2782 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30984/pp.v27i2.2782
Beauvoir, S. de. (1949). The Second Sex. Vintage Books.
Boeije, H. R. (2009). Analysis in Qualitative Research. In SAGE Publications Ltd.
Bris, A., Wang, T. Y. H., Zatzick, C. D., Miller, D. J. P., Fern, M. J., Cardinal, L. B., Gregoire, D. A., Shepherd, D. A., Westphal, J. D., Shani, G., Troster, C., Van Quaquebeke, N., Lanaj, K., Hollenbeck, J. R., Ilgen, D. R., Barnes, C. M., Harmon, S. J., Feldman, E. R., DesJardine, M. R., … Sangiorgi, F. (2021). Knights, Raiders, And Targets - The Impact Of The Hostile Takeover - Coffee,Jc, Lowenstein,L, Roseackerman,S. JOURNAL OF BANKING & FINANCE, 37(1).
Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble. Routledge.
Charani, M., Hasanati, S., & Rijanta, R. (2023). Mapping the Inhibiting Factors of Women’s Role in Rural Development: A Case Study of Bejijong Village, East Java Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1264. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/012038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/012038
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research: Third Edition. In HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal (Vol. 12, Issue 1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586719832223
Dauer, S. (2006). Violence Against Women: An Obstacle to Equality. University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class, 6, 281. https://consensus.app/papers/violence-against-women-an-obstacle-to-equality-dauer/680dfe7d9f715d009e778756724a1990/
Endarto, U., Towaf, S. M., Ruja, I., Sukamto, S., & Reinanda, A. (2022). Konstruksi sosial suami terhadap beban ganda istri sebagai buruh di Pasuruan Industrial Estate Rembang (PIER). Jurnal Integrasi Dan Harmoni Inovatif Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial (JIHI3S). https://doi.org/10.17977/um063v2i9p846-854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17977/um063v2i9p846-854
England, P. (1993). Theory on gender/feminism on theory. Social Forces, 72, 285. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580182 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2580182
Farhan, A., Insani, H. P., & Rifai, I. (2022). An Overview Of Equal Domestic Works Between Spouse To Increas Gender Equality As Sustainable Development Goals. Khazanah: Jurnal Mahasiswa. https://doi.org/10.20885/khazanah.vol13.iss4.art12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/khazanah.vol13.iss4.art12
Fawole, O. (2008). Economic Violence To Women and Girls. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 9, 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838008319255 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838008319255
Fayek, E. (2017). Empowering Women in Patriarchal Societies: A Feminist Study of Amy Tan’s Novels The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen God’s Wife. 16, 792–802. https://doi.org/10.21608/jfafu.2017.63513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/jfafu.2017.63513
Febrina, D. (2018). Feminism in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Novel Gadis Pantai. KnE Social Sciences, 3, 247–254. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i4.1936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i4.1936
Garcia-Moreno, C., Zimmerman, C., Morris-Gehring, A., Heise, L., Amin, A., Abrahams, N., Montoya, O., Bhate-Deosthali, P., Kilonzo, N., & Watts, C. (2015). Addressing violence against women: a call to action. The Lancet, 385, 1685–1695. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61830-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61830-4
Hochschild, A. (1989). The Second Shift. Basic Books.
Hunnicutt, G. (2009). Varieties of Patriarchy and Violence Against Women. Violence Against Women, 15, 553–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208331246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208331246
Hyunanda, V. F., Ramírez, J. P., López-Martínez, G., & Meseguer-Sánchez, V. (2021). State Ibuism and Women’s Empowerment in Indonesia: Governmentality and Political Subjectification of Chinese Benteng Women. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13063559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063559
Jeffery, P., Jeffery, R., & Lyon, A. (1989). Labour Pains and Labour Power: Women and Childbearing in India. https://doi.org/10.2307/1971963 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1971963
Kaprisma, H. (2018). Perempuan Punya Cerita: Oka Rusmini Menggugat Sejarah (His/Herstory) dalam Puisi Potret. Dialektika: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia, 5, 135–145. https://doi.org/10.15408/DIALEKTIKA.V5I2.8648
Krishnarao, B. (1961). The Descriptive Method in Social Research. Sociological Bulletin, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0038022919610204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038022919610204
Levine, A., England, P., & Mishel, E. (2020). Progress toward gender equality in the United States has slowed or stalled. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117, 6990–6997. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918891117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918891117
MacKinnon, C. A. (1987). Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law. Harvard University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2070528
Miyasari, T. N. (2019). Ketidakadilan Gender dalam Novel Gadis Pantai Karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer dan Tanah Tabu Karya Anindita S. Thayf: Kajian Sastra Bandingan. Alayasastra. https://doi.org/10.36567/ALY.V15I1.268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36567/aly.v15i1.268
Mshweshwe, L. (2020). Understanding domestic violence: masculinity, culture, traditions. Heliyon, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05334 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05334
Muzakka, M., & Suyanto, S. (2020). The Gender Equality Struggles in The Novel of Perempuan Berkalung Sorban and Gadis Pantai. Jurnal Poetika. https://doi.org/10.22146/poetika.v8i2.60528 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/poetika.v8i2.60528
Ni’mah, I. F., Munawwaroh, N., & Fitria, S. (2024). Rethinking Gender and Power: A Limitation of Women’s Freedom in Accidental Transients by Randa Jarrar. English Language and Literature. https://doi.org/10.24036/ell.v13i4.132077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/ell.v13i4.132077
Nicolás-Martínez, C., López-Martínez, M., & Riquelme-Perea, P. J. (2023). Gender and work in Europe: towards the end of inequality? Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 32, 741–757. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2288244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2288244
Nurhaliza, S., & Achiriah. (2024). Konflik Komunikasi Peran Ganda (Double Burden) Perempuan (Studi Kasus : Masyarakat Desa Sumber Melati Diski Kabupaten Deli Serdang). Jurnal Indonesia : Manajemen Informatika Dan Komunikasi. https://doi.org/10.35870/jimik.v5i2.768 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35870/jimik.v5i2.768
Panani, S. Y. P. (2021). Pandangan Buruh Gendong di Yogyakarta terhadap Peran Ganda Perempuan. Jurnal Filsafat. https://doi.org/10.22146/jf.51468 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jf.51468
Parbat, S. (2020). Discrimination based on Patriarchy and Male Domination in Caste, Religion and Gender. 68, 571–573. https://consensus.app/papers/discrimination-based-on-patriarchy-and-male-domination-in-parbat/3524a291d52b5699a92792660c520f7c/
Perwitasari, M. E., & Hendariningrum, R. (2014). Analisis Wacana Kritis Feodalisme dan Diskriminasi Perempuan Jawa dalam Novel Gadis Pantai Karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 7. https://consensus.app/papers/analisis-wacana-kritis-feodalisme-dan-diskriminasi-hendariningrum-perwitasari/a7196ef9170c506281c61b0d34bf0a98/
Prasetyo, T. (2024). Menakar Kembali Nilai Keperempuanan: Analisis Pascastrukturalisme atas Tiga Karya. Urban: Jurnal Seni Urban. https://doi.org/10.52969/jsu.v7i2.165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52969/jsu.v7i2.165
Proudfoot, D., & Kay, A. (2020). The Unequal Burden of Positive Gender Stereotypes on Women’s and Men’s Sense of Autonomy. 2020, 14792. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2020.268
Proudfoot, D., & Kay, A. (2022). Communal expectations conflict with autonomy motives: The western drive for autonomy shapes women’s negative responses to positive gender stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000311
Sas S., Y. (2025). Women Objectification in Indonesian Patriarchal Culture (Feminism Approach). International Journal of Social Science Humanity & Management Research. https://doi.org/10.58806/ijsshmr.2025.v4i1n16
Senapati, S. (2021). Challenging the Savarna Articulation of Gender Equality: The Rise of Dalit Feminist Viewpoint. ENSEMBLE. https://doi.org/10.37948/ensemble-2021-0301-a017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37948/ensemble-2021-0301-a017
Sukumaran, D., Chakkambath, R. S., & K., I. N. (2024). The Double Burden: A Study on Women’s Dual Roles in the Workplace and Household Responsibilities in Kerala. Journal of Women Empowerment and Studies. https://doi.org/10.55529/jwes.45.48.60 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55529/jwes.45.48.60
Thakur, A., & Goyal, S. (2025). The Intersection of Paid Employment and Unpaid Household Work: Review of Literature on the Impact of Double Burden on Women’s Mental Health. Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.52711/2321-5828.2025.00003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52711/2321-5828.2025.00003
Tong, R. (2018). Feminist thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction. In Feminist Thought, Student Economy Edition: A More Comprehensive Introduction. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429493836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429493836
Umniyyah, Z., Wardhani, Y. K., & Rahayu, N. (2024). Representasi Keperempuanan dan Sistem Patriarki dalam Novel Tarian Bumi Karya Oka Rusmini. Deiktis: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra. https://doi.org/10.53769/deiktis.v4i3.688 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53769/deiktis.v4i3.688
Unni, J. (2013). Economic Empowerment of Women. Indian Journal of Human Development, 7, 364–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973703020130220 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0973703020130220
Wicaksono, A., Wati, K. D. I., & Alfiawati, R. (2022). Ketidakadilan Gender terhadap Perempuan dalam Novel Layangan Putus Karya Mommy ASF. Journal of Feminism and Gender Studies. https://doi.org/10.19184/jfgs.v2i2.31794 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19184/jfgs.v2i2.31794
Widodo, J., Qur’ani, H., Anggraini, P., Zahidi, M. K., & Nuryasin, M. (2024). Representation of Violence Against Female Characters in Indonesian Horror Novels. Journal of World Science. https://doi.org/10.58344/jws.v3i11.1230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.58344/jws.v3i11.1230
Yunita, Y. (2025). Women Objectification in Indonesian Patriarchal Culture (Feminism Approach). International Journal of Social Science Humanity & Management Research. https://doi.org/10.58806/ijsshmr.2025.v4i1n16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.58806/ijsshmr.2025.v4i1n16
