Social support and physical activity in adolescents: evidence from a correlational approach
Keywords:
Physical activity, social support, adolescents, behavioral determinants, public healthAbstract
Background: Amid rising sedentary behaviors and non-communicable diseases among adolescents globally, physical activity levels continue to decline—exacerbated by lifestyle shifts driven by globalization. While social support is often considered a key enabler of behavior change, limited empirical evidence clarifies its actual influence on adolescent physical activity, particularly in diverse sociocultural settings like Indonesia. This study addresses that gap. Research Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between perceived social support and physical activity among adolescents in two different school settings. Methods: A correlational quantitative design with convenience sampling was employed, involving 1.046 adolescents aged 12–18 years from two schools with differing neighborhood contexts. Social support was assessed using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and physical activity levels were measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Data were analyzed using Spearman rank correlation via SPSS. Finding/Results: The results of data analysis using the Spearman rank test showed no significant relationship between physical activity and all components of social support (family, friends, and others) p> 0.05 (p=0.222, r=-0.038 for family; p=0.143, r=0.045 for friends; p=0.717, r=0.011 for significant others; p=0.779, r=0.009 for overall social support). Conclusion: These results indicate that social support is not the main factor influencing physical activity participation in adolescents. This study showed no significant relationship between the two variables. Other factors such as physical literacy, intrinsic motivation, school environment, and health conditions may have a more dominant role. Future studies are expected to explore these factors through longitudinal and experimental approaches.
Downloads
Author Biographies
Rendy Fahrezy, Department of Physical Education, Health, and Recreation, Faculty of Sport Education and Health, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
Amung Ma’mun, Department of Sports Education, Postgraduate Programme, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
Carsiwan, Department of Physical Education, Health, and Recreation, Faculty of Sport Education and Health, Univesitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
Syarifatunnisa, Department of Physical Education, Health, and Recreation, Faculty of Sport Education and Health, Univesitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
Anira, PETE for Elementary School Study Program, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia
References
Ahmadi, A., Khalesi, M., & Rajabpour, M. (2023). Prediction of the Physical Activity Level of Adolescent Girls based on Perceived Physical Literacy: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Abilities. Pajouhan Scientific Journal, 21(2), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.61186/psj.21.2.104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.61186/psj.21.2.104
Angraeni, Y., Pebriani, L. V., & Noer, A. H. (2023). Hubungan Perceived Social Support dengan Death Anxiety pada Lansia di Panti Sosial Werda Wilayah Cirebon. Journal of Psychological Science and Profession, 7(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.24198/jpsp.v7i2.47298 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jpsp.v7i2.47298
Anira, Syarifatunnisa, Ma’mun, A., & Rahayu, N. I. (2021). Integrating Life Skills through Physical Activities Programs. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga, 6(1), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v6i1.26621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v6i1.26621
Boren, J. P. (2014). The Relationships between Co-Rumination, Social Support, Stress, and Burnout among Working Adults. Management Communication Quarterly, 28(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318913509283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318913509283
Bull, F. C., Maslin, T. S., & Armstrong, T. (2009). Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ): Nine Country Reliability and Validity Study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6, 790–804. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.6.790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.6.790
Cairney, J., Dudley, D., Kwan, M., Bulten, R., & Kriellaars, D. (2019). Physical Literacy, Physical Activity and Health: Toward an Evidence-Informed Conceptual Model. Sports Medicine, 49(3), 371–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01063-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01063-3
Caldwell, H. A. T., Di Cristofaro, N. A., Cairney, J., Bray, S. R., Macdonald, M. J., & Timmons, B. W. (2020). Physical Literacy, Physical Activity, and Health Indicators in School-Age Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155367 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155367
Chan, J. Y. C., Praus-Singh, T. L., & Mazzocco, M. M. M. (2020). Parents’ and Young Children’s Attention to Mathematical Features Varies Across Play Materials. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 50, 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.03.002
Charlie, N., Joseph, G., Philippe, N., & Gautier, Z. (2023). Perceived Physical Literacy Is Associated with Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Composition and Physical Activity Levels in Secondary School Students. Journal Children, 10(4), 712. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040712 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040712
Chen, T., Hui, E. C. M., Lang, W., & Tao, L. (2016). People, Recreational Facility and Physical Activity: New-Type Urbanization Planning for the Healthy Communities in China. Habitat International, 58, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.09.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.09.001
Cornish, K., Fox, G., Fyfe, T., Koopmans, E., Pousette, A., & Pelletier, C. A. (2020). Understanding Physical Literacy in the Context of Health: A Rapid Scoping Review. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09583-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09583-8
Dadaczynski, K., Jensen, B. B., Viig, N. G., Sormunen, M., von Seelen, J., Kuchma, V., & Vilaça, T. (2020). Health, Well-Being and Education: Building a Sustainable Future. The Moscow Statement on Health Promoting Schools. Health Education, 120(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-12-2019-0058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-12-2019-0058
Devi, S., Damayanti, I., Rahayu, N. I., Ruhayati, Y., Suherman, A., Jajat, J., Sultoni, K., & Ugelta, S. (2024). Aktivitas Fisik Generasi Zillenial di Kota Bandung Berdasarkan Gender. Jurnal Sains Keolahragaan Dan Kesehatan, 8(2), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.5614/jskk.2023.8.2.9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5614/jskk.2023.8.2.9
Edwards, L. C., Bryant, A. S., Keegan, R. J., Morgan, K., & Jones, A. M. (2017). Definitions, Foundations and Associations of Physical Literacy: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 47(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0560-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0560-7
Egger, F., Benzing, V., Conzelmann, A., & Schmidt, M. (2019). Boost Your Brain, While Having a Break! the Effects of Long-Term Cognitively Engaging Physical Activity Breaks on Children’s Executive Functions and Academic Achievement. PLoS ONE, 14(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212482 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212482
Fadhilah, Y. N., Tanuwidjaja, S., & Saepulloh, A. (2021). Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik dengan Kejadian Obesitas pada Anak Sekolah Dasar Negeri 113 Banjarsari Kota Bandung Tahun 2019-2020. Jurnal Riset Kedokteran, 1(2), 80–84. https://doi.org/10.29313/jrk.v1i2.449 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/jrk.v1i2.449
Fatihaturahmi, F., Yuliana, Y., & Yulastri, A. (2023). Literature Review : Penyakit Degeneratif : Penyebab, Akibat, Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan. JGK: Jurnal Gizi dan Kesehatan, 3(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.36086/jgk.v3i1.1535 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36086/jgk.v3i1.1535
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2022). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. McGraw Hill.
Hidayat, N., & Nurhayati, S. R. (2019). The Effect of Social Support and Hope on Resilience in Adolescents. Humaniora, 10(3), 219. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v10i3.5852 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v10i3.5852
Horan, J. M., & Widom, C. S. (2015). From Childhood Maltreatment to Allostatic Load in Adulthood: The Role of Social Support. Child Maltreatment, 20(4), 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559515597063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559515597063
Hosokawa, R., Fujimoto, M., & Katsura, T. (2023). Parental Support for Physical Activity and Children’s Physical Activities : A Cross- Sectional Study. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 15(90), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-023-00700-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-023-00700-9
Husnan, K., Lani, A., & Sunuyeko, N. (2023). Kebugaran Jasmani : Studi Komparatif Peserta Didik Sekolah Dasar dan Madrasah Ibtidaiah. Sriwijaya Journal of Sport, 3, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.55379/sjs.v3i1.976 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55379/sjs.v3i1.976
Iwandana, D. T., Falaahudin, A., & Nugroho, W. A. (2021). Sport Values in Traditional Games as Playing Activities for Children. TEGAR: Journal of Teaching Physical Education in Elementary School, 4(2), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.17509/tegar.v4i2.33798 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/tegar.v4i2.33798
Jakicic, J. M., Rogers, R. J., Davis, K. K., & Collins, K. A. (2018). Role of Physical Activity and Exercise in Treating Patients with Overweight and Obesity. Clinical Chemistry, 64(1), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2017.272443 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2017.272443
Kanellopoulou, A., Notara, V., Antonogeorgos, G., Chrissini, M., Rojas-Gil, A. P., Kornilaki, E. N., Lagiou, A., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2022). Inverse Association between Health Literacy and Obesity among Children in Greece: A School-Based, Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study. Health Education and Behavior, 49(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198120982944 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198120982944
Kontautiene, V., & Beniusiene, A. (2024). Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi Relationship between Physical Activity, Physical Literacy Elements, and Gender among Senior Students. Journal of Sport Sciences Research, 9(3), 356–373. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1513354 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1513354
Laird, Y., Fawkner, S., Kelly, P., McNamee, L., & Niven, A. (2016). The Role of Social Support on Physical Activity Behaviour in Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0405-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0405-7
Liu, Y., Ge, X., Li, H., Zhang, E., Hu, F., Cai, Y., & Xiang, M. (2023). Physical Activity Maintenance and Increase in Chinese Children and Adolescents: The Role of Intrinsic Motivation and Parental Support. Frontiers in Public Health, 11(July). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1175439 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1175439
Lusi, Setiawan, D., & Kuryanto, M. S. (2023). Strategi Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Gerak Lokomotor Siswa akibat Dampak COVID 19 di SD Negeri Kebonsawahan 01. Pendas : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 8(1), 5948–5959. https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v8i1.8799
Mendonça, G., Cheng, L. A., Mélo, E. N., & De Farias Júnior, J. C. (2014). Physical Activity and Social Support in Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Health Education Research, 29(5), 822–839. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyu017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyu017
Morton, K. L., Atkin, A. J., Corder, K., Suhrcke, M., & van Sluijs, E. M. F. (2016). The School Environment and Adolescent Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: A Mixed-Studies Systematic Review. Obesity Reviews, 17(2), 142–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12352
Muamar, Y. S. (2022). Pengaruh Dukungan Sosial Guru dalam Memoderasi Hubungan Motivasi dan Passion Belajar Siswa Terhadap Student Engagement Mata Pelajaran PJOK di SMA Negeri 1 Randudongkal Kabupaten Pemalang. Gelanggang Olahraga: Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 5(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.31539/jpjo.v5i2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31539/jpjo.v5i2.3921
Piercy, K. L., Troiano, R. P., Ballard, R. M., Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Galuska, D. A., George, S. M., & Olson, R. D. (2018). The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 320(19), 2020–2028. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14854
Rabathy, Q. (2018). Nomophobia Sebagai Gaya Hidup Mahasia Generasi Z. In Jurnal LINIMASA: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 1(1), 33–44. https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/linimasa/article/view/832 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23969/linimasa.v1i2.1080
Rajendran, K., Smith, B. D., & Videka, L. (2015). Association of Caregiver Social Support with the Safety, Permanency, and Well-Being of Children in Child Welfare. Children and Youth Services Review, 48, 150–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.12.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.12.012
Rivaldi, Septiadi, F., & Nurudin, A. A. (2023). Global Physical Activity Questionnaire : Aktivitas Fisik Mahasiswa Universitas Muhammadiyah Sukabumi Pasca Covid-19. Jurnal Educatio, 9(4), 2160–2164. https://doi.org/10.31949/educatio.v9i4.5975
Riyanti, R., Kusmaedi, N., & Ma’mun, A. (2019). Hubungan Antara Pengguna Aplikasi dan Motivasi Instrinsik dengan Perilaku Hidup Sehat (Berdasarkan Tingkat Usia). Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan, 19(3), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpp.v19i3.22333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/jpp.v19i3.22333
Riyanto, P., & Mudian, D. (2019). Pengaruh Aktivitas Fisik Terhadap Peningkatan Kecerdasan Emosi Siswa. Journal Sport Area, 4(2), 339–347. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2019.vol4(2).3801 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2019.vol4(2).3801
Rueger, S. Y., Malecki, C. K., Pyun, Y., Aycock, C., & Coyle, S. (2016). A Meta-Analytic Review of the Association between Perceived Social Support and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 142(10), 1017–1067. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000058
Sales, D., da Silva Junior, J. P., Bergamo, R. R., de Oliveira, L. C., Ferrari, G., & Matsudo, V. (2023). Association between School Environment with Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity Intensity in Children. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33732-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33732-9
Salsabila, D. F., Hidayat, I. N., & Ramdani, Z. (2022). Stres Akademik dan Perceived Social Support sebagai Prediktor Kesehatan Mental Remaja Akhir. Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP), 8(2), 173. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamajpp.76711 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/gamajpp.76711
Saputra, A., & Duana, I. M. K. (2023). The Impact of Physical Activity in the Health and Economic Sector on Formal Sector Workers: Literature Review. ASEAN Journal of Sports for Development and Peace, 3(2), 69–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17509/ajsdp.v3i2
Sarafino, E. P., & Smith, T. W. (2014). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions (John Wiley & Sons. (ed.); 8th ed., p. 83). John Wiley & Sons.
Seabra, A. F., Mendonça, D. M., Thomis, M. A., Anjos, L. A., & Maia, J. A. (2008). Determinantes Biológicos E Sócio-Culturais Associados À Prática De Atividade Física De Adolescentes. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 24(4), 721–736. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2008000400002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2008000400002
Shearer, C., Goss, H. R., Edwards, L. C., Keegan, R. J., Knowles, Z. R., Boddy, L. M., Durden-Myers, E. J., & Foweather, L. (2018). How is Physical Literacy Defined? A Contemporary Update. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37(3), 237–245. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2018-0136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2018-0136
Starościak, W., Guła-Kubiszewska, H., Kałwa, M., & Dębska, U. (2016). Physical Activity of Students in the Era of Globalization. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 6(13), 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.233002
Strain, T., Flaxman, S., Guthold, R., Semenova, E., Cowan, M., Riley, L. M., Bull, F. C., & Stevens, G. A. (2024). Articles National, Regional, and Global Trends in Insufficient Physical Activity among Adults from 2000 to 2022 : A Pooled Analysis of 507 Population-Based Surveys with 5 · 7 Million Participants. The Lancet Summit, 1232–1243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00150-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00150-5
Tentama, F. (2015). Dukungan Sosial dan Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder pada Remaja Penyintas Gunung Merapi. Jurnal Psikologi Undip, 13(2), 133–138. https://doi.org/10.14710/jpu.13.2.133-138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jpu.13.2.133-138
Wigiyandiaz, J. A., Br. Purba, M., & Padmawati, R. S. (2020). Pola Makan dan Aktivitas Fisik Remaja Akhir dengan Riwayat Diabetes di Yogyakarta. Gizi Indonesia, 43(2), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.36457/gizindo.v43i2.283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36457/gizindo.v43i2.283
World Health Organisation. (2021). Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) WHO Stepwise Approach to NCD Risk Factor Surveillance. Surveillance and Population-Based Prevention, Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases Department, 1–3. http://www.who.int/chp/steps/GPAQ_EN.pdf
World Health Organization. (2018). Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018–2030: more Active People for a Healthier World. In W. H. Organization (Ed.), World Health Organization. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514187
Zhou, J., Yang, C., Yu, J., Zhao, X., Wu, J., Liu, Z., Li, J., & Gu, Y. (2023). The Influence of Social Support on Leisure-Time Physical Activity of the Elderly in the Chinese Village of Fuwen. Healthcare (Switzerland), 11(15), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11152193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11152193
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Rendy Fahrezy, Amung Ma’mun, Carsiwan, Syarifatunnisa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, search, or link to full-text articles in this journal without asking by giving appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. All of the remix, transform, or build upon the material must distribute the contributions under the same license as the original.
Accepted 2025-06-18
Published 2025-07-12
.png)
.png){kind=logo}
.png)
1.png){kind=icon}
