Hate Crime Pasca Pemilihan Umum Presiden Tahun 2024 Di Indonesia

Riky Novarizal; Rahmat Amin Siregar; Muhammad Arsy Ash Shiddiqy

doi:10.25299/jkp.2025.vol11(1).20976

Authors

Riky Novarizal Universitas Islam Riau
Rahmat Amin Siregar Universitas Islam Riau
Muhammad Arsy Ash Shiddiqy Universitas Islam Riau

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25299/jkp.2025.vol11(1).20976

Keywords:

Hate Crime, Electoral Crimes, Digital Crimes, 2024 Presidential Election, Criminology

Abstract

Presidential elections are often accompanied by various phenomena, including hate crimes that persist even after the elections have concluded. This phenomenon has not yet been thoroughly studied through social media analysis. In response to the gaps in previous research, this study focuses on sentiment analysis on social media, the forms of hate crime, and their contributing factors. The study presents three key findings related to hate crimes following the 2024 presidential election in Indonesia. First, Ganjar Pranowo received the least negative sentiment, followed by Anies Baswedan and Prabowo Subianto. Second, hate crimes directed at presidential candidates took the form of ethnic-based sentiment, anti-religion hatred, and threats of violence. Third, factors influencing the emergence of hate crimes post-election include the influence of social media popularity, sponsorship by electoral actors, weak enforcement of campaign violations, and the history of political and ethno communal violence. The study also emphasizes the need for future research to examine post-election hate crimes by integrating multidisciplinary approaches on social media. This would enrich the data and provide more comprehensive knowledge about hate crime phenomena and other forms of digital crime arising from the electoral process.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alexandra, L. A., & Satria, A. (2023). Identifying Hate Speech Trends and Prevention in Indonesia: a Cross-Case Comparison. Global Responsibility to Protect, 15(2–3), 135–176. https://doi.org/10.1163/1875984X-20230005

Amores, J. J., Blanco-Herrero, D., Sánchez-Holgado, P., & Frías-Vázquez, M. (2021). Detecting ideological hatred on Twitter. Development and evaluation of a political ideology hate speech detector in tweets in Spanish. Cuadernos.Info, 49, 98–124. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.49.27817

Azis, I. J., & Pratama, A. (2020). Polarization and Local Conflicts in Post Decentralization Indonesia. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2019-0050

Bajari, A., Koswara, I., & Erlandia, D. R. (2021). Hatenography: An Analysis of Hate Speech on Facebook in 2019 Indonesian Presidential Campaign. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 37(4), 122–141. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2021-3704-08

Bárd, P. (2020). Prerequisites for the effective fight against hate crimes. Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies, 61(3), 255 – 268. https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2020.00340

Bazan, S. (2017). A new way to win the war. IEEE Internet Computing, 21(4), 92 – 97. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2017.2911419

Botha, J. (2019). The selection of victim groups in hate-crime legislation. South African Law Journal, 136, 781 – 810. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089005571&partnerID=40&md5=d2fc6ff4dd2a56180b3468474e9b8d75

Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2019). The Global Disinformation Order: 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation. https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/09/CyberTroop-Report19.pdf%0A%0AComments

Buerger, C., & Glavinic, T. (2022). Prevent Violence, Strengthen Democracy: Electoral Codes of Conduct for the United States. Peace and Conflict Studies, 29(1). https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85148024750&partnerID=40&md5=d40df6d0262a918dc5dccf6ddc3711c1

Chakraborti, N., & Hardy, S.-J. (2017). Beyond empty promises? A reality check for hate crime scholarship and policy. Safer Communities, 16(4), 148 – 154. https://doi.org/10.1108/SC-06-2017-0023

Condra, J. (2017). Assessing nation state threats. Network Security, 2017(9), 8 – 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1353-4858(17)30112-5

Daud, B. S., Aminullah, B. A., & Jaya, N. S. P. (2020). Law Enforcement and Overcoming Violations of Money Politic in General Election: Indonesia’s Case. Jurnal Hukum Novelty, 11(2), 124–129. https://doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v11i2.a15146

Fauzi, M. A., & Yuniarti, A. (2018). Ensemble method for indonesian twitter hate speech detection. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 11(1), 294–299. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i1.pp294-299

Goodman, M., & Goodman, J. (2020). Psychographics on steroids: The attacks on democratic governments. Media Watch, 11(1), 4 – 20. https://doi.org/10.15655/mw/2020/v11i1/49761

Harish, S. P., & Toha, R. (2019). A new typology of electoral violence: insights from Indonesia. Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(4), 687–711. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2016.1277208

Herawati, R., Saraswati, R., Ristyawati, A., & Nurcahyani, A. S. (2023). LEGAL ARRANGEMENTS AND ELECTION OVERSIGHT DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Corporate Law and Governance Review, 5(2), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.22495/clgrv5i2p4

Hoerst, C., & Drury, J. (2021). Social norms misperception among voters in the 2020 US presidential election. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 21(1), 312–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12269

Huh, C. U., & Park, H. W. (2024). Setting the Public Sentiment: Examining the Relationship between Social Media and News Sentiments. Systems, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12030105

Hui, J. Y. (2020). Social Media and the 2019 Indonesian Elections: Hoax Takes the Centre Stage. In M. Cook & D. Singh (Eds.), Southeast Asian Affairs 2020 (pp. 155–172). ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/A8B3D0C5325002FA936F9A60C03C7AA9

Hwang, B. (2019). Reddit sentiment analysis to improve election predictions. Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, MCCSIS 2019 - Proceedings of the International Conferences on Big Data Analytics, Data Mining and Computational Intelligence 2019 and Theory and Practice in Modern Computing 2019, 204 – 208. https://doi.org/10.33965/bigdaci2019_201907c026

Hwang, J. C. (2023). DERADICALISATION AND DISENGAGEMENT: Lessons from the Indonesian experience. In The Routledge Handbook on Radicalisation and Countering Radicalisation (pp. 446–460). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003035848-33

Ibrahim, I., Haryadi, D., & Hidayat, N. (2024). The manipulation of identity politics in Indonesian electoral democracy today: Between regulations and practices. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i7.4211

Idris, I., Wijaya, D., & Wijanarko, M. I. (2024). MONITORING REPORT ON HATE SPEECH AGAINST VULNERABLE GROUPS IN THE 2024 ELECTION. https://aji.or.id/data/monitoring-report-hate-speech-against-vulnerable-groups-2024-election

Ievdokymov, V., Frikel, A., Polishchuk, V., Savchuk, S., & Klimova, I. (2024). Cybercrime and Information Protection in the Field of State Security: Сurrent Threats and Measures for their Prevention. Economic Affairs (New Delhi), 69, 61 – 69. https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.1.2024.8

Intyaswati, D., Maryani, E., Sugiana, D., & Venus, A. (2021). Using media for voting decision among first-time voter college students in West Java, Indonesia. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(1), 327 – 339. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0028

Jaffrey, S., & Warburton, E. (2024). On The Edge of Competitive Authoritarianism. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 60(3), 283–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2024.2426571

Joffee, R. (2010). Cybercrime: The global epidemic at your network door. Network Security, 2010(7), 4 – 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1353-4858(10)70091-X

Junuzović, A. (2019). To what extent have international organizations triggered responses/actions at national levels to address hate crime? Crime, Law and Social Change, 71(3), 261 – 273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09820-1

Keel, C., Wickes, R., & Benier, K. (2022). The vicarious effects of hate: inter-ethnic hate crime in the neighborhood and its consequences for exclusion and anticipated rejection. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(7), 1283 – 1303. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1930094

Lafferty, M. M. (2015). Hate Crimes. In The Encyclopedia of Civil Liberties in America: Volumes One-Three (Vol. 2). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315699868-309

Larson, K. S., & Williamson, H. (2013). Cybercrime: Conceptualized and codified. In Cybercrime: Conceptualized and Codified. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84896187035&partnerID=40&md5=de1c096c2c6a8247b64f56ba84222bb2

Lee, S.-H., Kang, I., & Kim, H.-W. (2023). Understanding cybercrime from a criminal’s perspective: Why and how suspects commit cybercrimes? Technology in Society, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102361

Lettieri, J., Logie, K., & Paccione-Frometa, J. (2023). Noise Complaints and Land Rezoning as a Predictor of Hate Crimes in a New York City Borough. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(13–14), 8645 – 8667. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231158756

Lim, M. (2017). Freedom to hate: social media, algorithmic enclaves, and the rise of tribal nationalism in Indonesia. Critical Asian Studies, 49(3), 411–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2017.1341188

Luckianto, M., Addison, R., Vincent, V., Muliono, Y., & Prasetyo, S. Y. (2023). Audio-based Indonesia Toxic Language Classification using Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory. 2023 5th International Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems, ICORIS 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORIS60118.2023.10352242

Mabunda, S. (2017). Applying the gordon & ford categorisation and the routine activities theory to cybercrime: A suitable target. 2017 IST-Africa Week Conference, IST-Africa 2017. https://doi.org/10.23919/ISTAFRICA.2017.8102367

Masduki. (2022). Cyber-troops, digital attacks, and media freedom in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Communication, 32(3), 218–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2022.2062609

Maulana, I., Indriana, D., & Goei, G. (2022). The Relevance of High-Risk Prisons to Indonesia’s Preventing Violent Extremism Policy. Perspectives on Terrorism, 16(3), 22–36. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27140394

Maweu, J. M. (2019). “Fake Elections”? Cyber Propaganda, Disinformation and the 2017 General Elections in Kenya. African Journalism Studies, 40(4), 62 – 76. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2020.1719858

McMahon, B. T., West, S. L., Lewis, A. N., Armstrong, A. J., & Conway, J. P. (2004). Hate Crimes and Disability in America. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 47(2), 66 – 75. https://doi.org/10.1177/00343552030470020101

Meena, Y., Sankhla, M. S., Sonone, S. S., Parashar, A., Parihar, K., & Saini, K. (2021). Cyber Exploitation through Cybercrimes & Challenges. In S. V., S. R., & S. M. (Eds.), Proceedings - 2021 3rd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking, ICAC3N 2021 (pp. 1467 – 1472). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAC3N53548.2021.9725493

Misran, Nurmandi, A., Mutiarin, D., Suswanta, & Salahudin. (2021). How Does Social Media Affect Money Politics Campaign Rejection in the 2020 Regional Head General Election Social Media? A Case Study of Indonesia. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1352, 511 – 522. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71782-7_45

Novarizal, R., & Pasela, A. D. (2021). Bentuk Cyberbullying Terhadap Publik Figur Di Media Sosial Instagram (Studi Kasus Pada “Rahmawati Kekeyi”). Sisi Lain Realita, 11. https://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/sisilainrealita/article/view/17318%0Ahttps://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/sisilainrealita/article/download/17318/6502

Novarizal, R., & Siregar, R. A. (2024). Mengukur Ketersediaan Instrumen Penyembuhan Psikologis pada Pengungsi Asal Afganistan. Kaganga: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah Dan Riset Sosial Humaniora, 7(1), 82–93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31539/kaganga.v7i1.8836

Novarizal, R., Siregar, R. A., Abu Hassan, M. S. N., & Herman, H. (2024). Open Source Intelligence as an Approach to Investigating Criminal Events by Journalists (Case Study of the 2019 Forest and Land Fires in the Investigation Report of the Trace of the Geni-Starting Corporation in Tempo Magazine). International Journal of Social Science Humanity & Management Research, 3(02), 196–201. https://doi.org/10.58806/ijsshmr.2024.v3i2n04

Pasquale, F. (2018). The automated public sphere. In The Politics of Big Data: Big Data, Big Brother? Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315231938-7

Paterson, J. L., Brown, R., & Walters, M. A. (2018). Understanding victim group responses to hate crime: Shared identities, perceived similarity and intergroup emotions. TPM - Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 25(2), 163 – 177. https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM25.2.1

Perbawa, K. S. L. P., Hanum, W. N., & Atabekov, A. K. (2024). Industrialization of Election Infringement in Simultaneous Elections: Lessons from Sweden. Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 4(2), 477–509. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i2.170

Perry, B. (2016). Intervening Globally: Confronting Hate Across the World. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 27(6), 590 – 609. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403415599643

Perry, B., & Alvi, S. (2012). “We are all vulnerable”: The in terrorem effects of hate crimes. International Review of Victimology, 18(1), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758011422475

Poynting, S. (2017). Hate crime. In The Routledge Companion to Criminological Theory and Concepts. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315744902-68

Qodir, Z., Jubba, H., & Hidayati, M. (2022). Contesting Ethnic and Religious Identities in the 2019 Indonesian Elections: Political Polarization in West Kalimantan. Studia Islamika, 29(1), 111–142. https://doi.org/10.36712/sdi.v29i1.12940

Reisach, U. (2021). The responsibility of social media in times of societal and political manipulation. European Journal of Operational Research, 291(3), 906 – 917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2020.09.020

Satria, I., Kurnia, A., & Nurhadryani, Y. (2014). Influence of presidential candidates e-campaign towards voters in 2014 presidential election in Bogor City. Proceedings - ICACSIS 2014: 2014 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems, 90 – 95. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACSIS.2014.7065874

Saxena, S., Dixit, A. K., Pandey, S., Pachouri, V., Aluvala, S., & Juyal, A. (2024). Examining Internet-based Hate Crime Through Artificial Intelligence. Proceedings - 2024 3rd International Conference on Sentiment Analysis and Deep Learning, ICSADL 2024, 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSADL61749.2024.00032

Setiyono, J., & Rasyid, S. (2022). Counter-narrative strategies in deradicalisation: A content analysis of Indonesia’s anti-terrorism laws. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 78(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i1.7791

Sila, M. A., & Fealy, G. (2022). Counterterrorism, Civil Society Organisations and Peacebuilding: The Role of Non-State Actors in Deradicalisation in Bima, Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 23(1), 97 – 117. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2022.2041076

Siman-Tov, D., & Zaidenberg, O. (2021). Influence operations: Combination of technological attacks and manipulation of content. In Cybersecurity And Legal-regulatory Aspects. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811219160_0010

Sinnar, S. (2022). The Conundrums of Hate Crime Prevention. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 112(4), 801–846. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85160596983&partnerID=40&md5=6cedf30d7f4c4c0532c2c350b77a260f

Media sosial Sentiment Visualization. (2025a). Timeline Anies Baswedan’s Media sosial Sentiment Visualization. Media sosial Sentiment Visualization. https://www.csc2.ncsu.edu/faculty/healey/social-media-viz/production/

Media sosial Sentiment Visualization. (2025b). Timeline Ganjar Pranowo’s Media sosial Sentiment Visualization. Media sosial Sentiment Visualization. https://www.csc2.ncsu.edu/faculty/healey/social-media-viz/production/

Media sosial Sentiment Visualization. (2025c). Timeline Prabowo Subianto’s Media sosial Sentiment Visualization. Media sosial Sentiment Visualization. https://www.csc2.ncsu.edu/faculty/healey/social-media-viz/production/

Strobl, R., Klemm, J., & Würtz, S. (2005). Preventing hate crimes: Experiences from two East-German towns. British Journal of Criminology, 45(5), 634 – 646. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azh097

Sudrajat, T., Hendriana, R., & Jati, B. K. H. (2024). Countering Radicalism of The Government Officials in Indonesia: An Insider’s Look Into Government Efforts; [Przeciwdziałanie radykalizmowi urzędników państwowych w Indonezji. Spojrzenie za kulisy działań podejmowanych przez rząd]. Krytyka Prawa, 16(1), 213 – 234. https://doi.org/10.7206/kp.2080-1084.667

Sudulich, M., Wall, M., & Baccini, L. (2014). Wired Voters: The Effects of Internet Use on Voters’ Electoral Uncertainty. British Journal of Political Science, 45(4), 853 – 881. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123413000513

Sumadinata, R. W. S., Affandi, R. M. T. N., & Yulianti, D. (2019). Sectarian narratives of the 2019 presidential election and the radical transnational network. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 13(4), 381 – 396. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090899083&partnerID=40&md5=25a2035b08060e5d4d53fe77f9f0293f

Syahputra, I. (2019). Expressions of hatred and the formation of spiral of anxiety on social media in Indonesia. SEARCH Journal of Media and Communication Research, 11(1), 95–112. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068658140&partnerID=40&md5=74f8a6903b8ba498178e5ee87e6de609

Tahir, I., & Ramadhan, M. G. F. (2024). Hate Speech On Social Media: Indonesian Netizens’ Hate Comments Of Presidential Talk Shows On Youtube. LLT Journal: Journal on Language and Language Teaching, 27(1), 230–251. https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v27i1.8180

Walther, J. B. (2023). Online hate: A prosocial explanation of antisocial behavior and affordances of social media. In Emotions in the Digital World: Exploring Affective Experience and Expression in Online Interactions (pp. 278–297). https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197520536.003.0015

Warren-Gordon, K., & Rhineberger, G. (2021). The “Trump effect” on hate crime reporting: media coverage before and after the 2016 presidential election. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 19(1), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2021.1895944

Yaqub, U., Chun, S. A., Atluri, V., & Vaidya, J. (2017). Analysis of political discourse on twitter in the context of the 2016 US presidential elections. Government Information Quarterly, 34(4), 613–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.11.001