Global Times’ Framing for China’s Noopolitics in the South China Sea
Main Article Content
Abstract
The South China Sea (SCS) is an area of water endowed with rich natural resources and a strategic location for geopolitical interests. As the consequence, China has put the SCS in its list of the Great Rejuvenation Goals. China's modus operandi to attain its SCS ambition has been various in the way. It ranges from making land reclamation and artificial islands, sending citizens to artificial islands and further applying its jurisdiction and administration, conducting military activities, and wielding diplomacy efforts. Another path China undergoes to manifest its maritime empire in the SCS is media framing. This study highlights how China employs Global Times, its state-owned media, to construct the mind frame that the SCS belongs to China. To achieve the objective of the study, this paper use Zhongdang Pan and M Kosicky's framing analysis to identify Global Times' type of framing and qualitative method to seek the intention of the frame. This paper finds that Global Times assist the Chinese government in claiming the SCS by syntactic and rhetorical framing; dominantly quoting pro-China experts/academics/statesman, emphasising 'sovereignty' words and displaying a narration that the SCS belongs to China, using Chinese to name the islands in the SCS, and echoing 'no conflict in the SCS' rhetoric. This study proves that China is also pursuing its South China Sea Dream by exercising noopolitics.
Downloads
Article Details
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. The copyright in the text of individual articles (including research articles, opinion articles, and abstracts) is the property of their respective authors, subject to a Creative Commons CC-BY-SA licence granted to all others. IJMCR allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and allows the author to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
References
Aljazeera. (2021, 18 November). Philippines tells China to ‘back off’ after South China Sea clash. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from:
Arquilla, John. & Ronfeldt, David. (1999). The Emergence of Noopolitik Toward an American Information Strategy. RAND. Alvailable at:
https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1033.html
Associated Press. (2020, 22 April). Philippines Protests China's Sea Claim, Weapon Pointing. VOA Retrieved December 2, 2021 from: https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_philippines-protests-chinas-sea-claim-weapon-pointing/6188018.html
Beech, Hannah. (2016, 22 May). What's New on China's Artificial Islands in the South China Sea? Basketball Courts. Time. Retrieved November 5, 2021, from:
https://time.com/4341510/south-china-sea-artificial-islands/
Blum, Susan D. (1997). “Naming Practices and the Power of Words in China. Language in Society”, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 357-379. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4168776?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A569a233d980f5f3239d7e7c132386a20&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents
Brands, Hal & Cooper, Zack. (2018). ” Getting Serious About Strategy in The South China Sea”, Naval War College Review, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 12-32. DOI: 10.2307/26398089
Bengali, Shashank. (2020, 12 November). Sunken boats. Stolen gear. Fishermen are prey as China conquers a strategic sea. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from: https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-11-12/china-attacks-fishing-boats-in-conquest-of-south-china-sea
Bryman, Alan. (2008). Social Research Methods, (3 Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Trespassing. Retrieved January, 3 2022, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/trespass
Chaguan. (2018, 20 September). China’s Global Times plays a peculiar role. The Economist. Retrieved January 2, 2022, from https://www.economist.com/china/2018/09/20/chinas-global-times-plays-a-peculiar-role
Council on Foreign Relations. (2021). China’s Maritime Dispute. Timelines. Retrieved December 1, 2021, from https://www.cfr.org/timeline/chinas-maritime-disputes
Connelly, Aaron L. (2017). Indonesia’s new North Natuna Sea: What’s in a name?. The Interpreter, Lowy Institute. Retrieved December 1, 2021, from: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/indonesia-s-new-north-natuna-sea-what-s-name
Daiss, Tim. (2016, 22 May). Why The South China Sea Has More Oil Than You Think. The Forbes. Retrieved October 31, 2021, from:
Davenport, Tara. (2018). “Island-Building in the South China Sea; Legality and Limits”, Asian Journal of International Law, Vol. 8. pp. 76-90. DOI: 10.1017/S2044251317000145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2044251317000145
Erickson, Andrew., Strange, Austin., Strange, Dean., Ratner, Ely., Brimley, Shawn,. Haddick, Robert., Rapp-Hooper, Mira., & Cooper, Zack. (2015, 2 March). “China’s Menacing Sandcastles in the South China Sea”, War on the Rocks. Retrieved November 5, 2021, from: https://warontherocks.com/2015/03/chinas-menacing-sandcastles-in-the-south-china-sea/
Eriyanto. (2002). Analisis Framing Konstruksi. Ideologi, dan Politik media [Construction Framing Analysis. Ideology and Media Politics]. LKiS Yogyakarta.
Fravel, M. Taylor. (2011), “China’s Strategy in the South China Sea”, Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 292-319. DOI: 10.1355/cs33-3b DOI: https://doi.org/10.1355/cs33-3b
Global Times. (2021). About Us. Retrieved January 2, 2022, from: https://www.globaltimes.cn/about-us/
Greer, Adam. (2016, 20 July). The South China Sea is Really a Fishery Dispute. The Diplomat. Retrieved October 31, 2021, from: https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/the-south-china-sea-is-really-a-fishery-dispute/
Hansen, Chad. (1992). A Daoist theory of Chinese Thought. A Philosophical Interpretation: Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. Alvailable at: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-daoist-theory-of-chinese-thought-9780195134193?cc=id&lang=en
Huang, Zheping. (2016, 9 August). Inside the Global Times, China’s hawkish, belligerent state tabloid. Quartz. Global Times. Retrieved January 2, 2022, from: https://qz.com/745577/inside-the-global-times-chinas-hawkish-belligerent-state-tabloid/
Kusumastuti, Adhi & Khoiron, Mustamil Ahmad. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif [Qualitative Research Methods]. Deepublish.
Klotz, Audie., & Prakash, Deepa (Eds.). (2008). Introduction. In Qualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide. New York: Palgrave.
Lamont, Christopher. (2015). Research Methods in International Relations. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Lee, Chermaine. (2020, 14 December). Why some Chinese believe a name change could improve luck. BBC.com. Retrieved December 1, 2021, from:
Mastro, Oriana Skylar. (2012). The Sansha Garrison: China’s Deliberate Escalation in the South China Sea. East and South China Sea Bulletin 5, Center for a New American Security.
Nikonov, Borisovich Sergey. (2013). “Noopolitical Aspect of International Journalism”, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 17, No. 1. Alvailable at: https://www.idosi.org/mejsr/mejsr17(1)13/5.pdf
Parameswaran, Prashanth. (2017, 17 July). Why Did Indonesia Just Rename Its Part of the South China Sea?. The Diplomat. Retrieved December 1, 2021, from: https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/why-did-indonesia-just-rename-its-part-of-the-south-china-sea/
Pedrozo, Raul. (2010). “Preserving National Rights and Freedoms; The Right to Conduct Military Activities in China’s Exclusive Economic Zone”, Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 9-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmq007
Pesek, William. (2017). Making Sense of the South China Sea Dispute. The Forbes. Retrieved October 31, 2021, from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/outofasia/2017/08/22/making-sense-of-the-south-china-sea-dispute/?sh=3f9fe36d1c3b
Saiidi, Uptin. (2018, 7 February). Here’s why the South China Sea is highly contested. CNBC. Retrieved October 31, 2021, from: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/07/heres-why-the-south-china-sea-is-highly-contested.html
Sugiyono. (2020). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Alvailable at: http://repository.um-palembang.ac.id/id/eprint/8411/
Talmon, Stefan & Jia, Bing Bing. (2014). The South China Sea Arbitration: A Chinese Perspective. Bloomsbury; Hart Publishing. Available at: https://id1lib.org/dl/17178233/fcef1e
Xifra, Jordi & McKie, David. (2012). “From realpolitik to noopolitik: The public relations of (stateless) nations in an information age”, Public Relations Review, Vol. 38, pp. 819-824. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.04.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.04.005
Zhen, Liu. (2016, March 1). Three in four people on Woody island in disputed South China Sea are Chinese military. South China Morning Post. Retrieved September 13, 2020, from: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1919531/three-four-people-woody-island-disputed-south-china-sea