Effect of a hand–eye coordination-based small-sided games method on basketball passing accuracy
Keywords:
Basketball, hand–eye coordination, passing accuracy, small-sided games, training methodAbstract
Background: Small-sided games (SSGs) provide a practical approach for developing basketball skills under game-like conditions. However, evidence comparing different SSG formats while considering players' hand–eye coordination remains limited. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of 2v2 and 4v4 SSGs on basketball passing accuracy according to players' hand–eye coordination levels. Methods: A quantitative experimental study using a 2 × 2 factorial design was conducted. Thirty-two male adolescent basketball players (14.00 ± 1.05 years) participated in a six-week training program consisting of 16 sessions, including a pretest, 14 treatment sessions, and a posttest. The participants were categorized according to high and low hand–eye coordination and assigned to 2v2 or 4v4 SSG training groups. Passing accuracy was assessed before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: SSG format significantly affected passing accuracy (p = .043), as did hand–eye coordination level (p = .029). A significant interaction was found between SSG format and hand–eye coordination (p = .006). Among players with high hand–eye coordination, passing accuracy differed significantly between the 2v2 and 4v4 groups (p = .001), whereas no significant difference was found among players with low hand–eye coordination (p = .540). Within the 2v2 format, passing accuracy differed significantly between players with high and low hand–eye coordination (p = .001), whereas no significant difference was observed within the 4v4 format (p = .630). Conclusion: The effects of SSG format on passing accuracy varied according to hand–eye coordination level. The 2v2 format may provide greater opportunities for passing and ball involvement, whereas the 4v4 format may be more suitable for players with lower hand–eye coordination.
Downloads
Author Biographies
Hasna Tri Oktavia, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport and Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Harry Pramono, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport and Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Ipang Setiawan, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport and Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Hermawan Pamot Raharjo, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport and Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
References
Alamsyah, Hadasari, F. P., & Gustian, U. (2023). Pengaruh Latihan Small Sided Games terhadap Ketepatan Chest Pass pada Peserta Ekstrakulikuler Bola Basket. JPPK: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Khatulistiwa, 12(2), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.26418/jppk.v12i2.62089
Amiruddin, S., & Sartono, S. (2024). Pengaruh Latihan Small Sided Game Terhadap Akurasi Passing Mendatar Siswa Ekstrakurikuler Sepakbola SMP Negeri 4 Ciawigebang. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Kesehatan dan Rekreasi (Penjaskesrek), 11(2), 183–192. https://doi.org/10.46368/jpjkr.v11i2.2474
Arslan, E., Kilit, B., Clemente, F. M., Murawska-Ciałowicz, E., Soylu, Y., Sogut, M., Akca, F., Gokkaya, M., & Silva, A. F. (2022). Effects of Small-Sided Games Training versus High-Intensity Interval Training Approaches in Young Basketball Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052931
Beach, P. S., Reid, G., & Collier, D. H. (2017). Motor Learning and Develoment. Human Kinetics.
Bendo, A., Brovina, F., Bushati, S., Sallaku, D., Bushati, M., & Papa, E. (2025). The Effect Of High Interval Intensity Training (HITT) on The Performance of Basketball Players 10-15 Years Old. Retos, 62, 627-636. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v62.109315
Boros, Z., Toth, K., Csurilla, G., & Sterbenz, T. (2022). A Comparison of 5v5 and 3x3 Men’s Basketball Regarding Shot Selection and Efficiency. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215137
Bredt, S. G. T., Morales, J. C. P., Andrade, A. G. P., Torres, J. O., Peixoto, G. H., Greco, P. J., Praça, G. M., & Chagas, M. H. (2018). Space Creation Dynamics in Basketball Small-Sided Games. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 125(1), 162–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512517725445
Buscemi, A., Mondelli, F., Biagini, I., Gueli, S., D’Agostino, A., & Coco, M. (2024). Role of Sport Vision in Performance: Systematic Review. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 9(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020092
Candra, O. (2020). The Contribution of Eye-Hand Coordination to Basketball Lay Up Shoot Skills. Conference: 1st Progress in Social Science, Humanities and Education Research Symposium (PSSHERS 2019), 864–869. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200824.192
Cao, J., Eakronnarongchai, W., & Duangkam, J. (2024). Small-Sided Games with Baskets Are Significantly More Effective at Enhancing Neuromuscular Force Parameters Compared to Ball Possession Games: A Randomized Controlled Study in Young Male Basketball Players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 23(3), 638–646. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2024.638
Castagna, C., Krustrup, P., & Póvoas, S. (2020). Cardiovascular Fitness and Health Effects of Various Types of Team Sports for Adult and Elderly Inactive Individuals - a Brief Narrative Review. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 63(6), 709–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.11.005
Cho, E. H., Yun, H. J., & So, W. Y. (2020). THE Validity of Alternative Hand Wall Toss Tests in Korean Children. Journal Of Men’s Health, 16(1), e10–e18. https://doi.org/10.15586/jomh.v16i1.166
Clarke, H. H., & Clarke, D. H. (1987). Application of measurement to physical education (6th ed.). Prentice-Hall.
Clemente, F. M., & Sarmento, H. (2020). The Effects of Small-Sided Soccer Games on Technical Actions and Skills: A Systematic Review. Human Movement, 21(3), 100–119. https://doi.org/10.5114/hm.2020.93014
Conte, D., Favero, T. G., Niederhausen, M., Capranica, L., & Tessitore, A. (2016). Effect of Different Number of Players and Training Regimes on Physiological and Technical Demands of Ball-Drills in Basketball. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(8), 780–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1069384
Conte, D., Favero, T., Niederhausen, M., Capranica, L., & Tessitore, A. (2017). Effect of Number of Players and Maturity on Ball-Drills Training Load in Youth Basketball. Sports, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5010003
Coretti, M., Donatello, N. N., Bianco, G., & Cidral-Filho, F. J. (2024). An Integrative Review of the Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on the Autonomic Nervous System. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 7(2), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2024.08.002
Delextrat, A., & Martinez, A. (2014). Small-Sided Game Training Improves Aerobic Capacity and Technical Skills in Basketball Players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(5), 385–391. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1349107
Epure, M., & Badau, D. (2021). Study on Improving Coordination Skills in Women’s Basketball Game. Discobolul Physical Education, Sport and Kinetotherapy Journal, 60(2), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.35189/dpeskj.2021.60.2.2
Ferioli, D., Rucco, D., Rampinini, E., la Torre, A., Manfredi, M. M., & Conte, D. (2020). Combined Effect of Number of Players and Dribbling on Game-Based-Drill Demands in Basketball. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15(6), 825–832. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0645
Figueira, B., Mateus, N., Esteves, P., Dadelienė, R., & Paulauskas, R. (2022). Physiological Responses and Technical-Tactical Performance of Youth Basketball Players: A Brief Comparison between 3x3 and 5x5 Basketball. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 21(2), 332–340. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2022.332
Fikri, F. B. R., Sofyan, D., & Yudha, B. A. R. . (2023). Analysis of Basketball Passing Basic Movement Skills in Extracurricular Students. Journal Metrics Studies and Social Science, 2(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.56916/jmsss.v2i1.395
Gomes, J. H., Mendes, R. R., Delextrat, A., de Almeida, M. B., & Figueira Júnior, A. J. (2021). Small-Sided Games as Additional Training in Elite Basketball Nonstarters Players. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Do Esporte, 27(2), 225–230. https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127022019_0003
Haibach, P. and Reid, G. and Collier, D. (2018). Motor Learning and Development 2nd Edition. Human Kinetics
Hidayatullah, M., Yaslindo, Y., Yulifri, Y., & Putra, A. (2024). Hubungan Koordinasi Mata Kaki dan Keseimbangan dengan Kemampuan Akurasi Shooting pada Pemain Futsal L.a Junior Muara Bungo. Jurnal JPDO, 7(1), 33-39.
Hardiansyah, A. N., Januarto, O. B., Darmawan, A., & Heynoek, F. P. (2022). Basketball Basic Skills Levels of Students in East Java, Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Sports Science and Health (ICSSH 2022), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-072-5_23
Hasan, M. S. (2020). Sports Training and Performance. Journal of Sports and Games, 2(1), 28–30. https://doi.org/10.22259/2642-8466.0201004
Hasyim & Saharullah. (2019). Dasar Ilmu Kepelatihan Olahraga. Badan Penerbit UNM
Ihsan, A., Tenine, M., & Syahruddin. (2023). Analisis Manajemen Pembinaan Prestasi Sepakbola PPLP Maluku. Jurnal Penjakora, 10(2), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.23887/jurnalpenjakora.v10i2.66552
Ikadarny, & Karim, A. (2020). Kontribusi Koordinasi Mata Tangan, Kekuatan Otot Lengan, dan Keseimbangan Terhadap Kemampuan Passing Bawah pada Permainan Bola Voli. Jendela Olahraga, 5(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.26877/jo.v5i1.4299
Iqbal, M., Syamsuramel, S., & Destriani, D. (2021). Pengaruh Latihan Lempar Tangkap Bola Menggunakan Sasaran terhadap Ketepatan Chest Pass Basket SMA. EDUKATIF: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 3(4), 1945–1952. https://doi.org/10.31004/edukatif.v3i4.971
Ito, S. (2019). High-Intensity Interval Training for Health Benefits and Care of Cardiac Diseases-The Key to an Efficient Exercise Protocol. World journal of cardiology, 11(7), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v11.i7.171
Jyasaputra, A. N., & Maliki, O. (2023). Hubungan koordinasi mata-tangan dengan ketepatan passing bawah voli SMAN 1 Mranggen. Jurnal Spirit Edukasia, 3(2), 361–365.
Karahan, M. (2020). Effect of Skill-Based Training vs. Small-Sided Games on Physical Performance Improvement in Young Soccer Players. Biology of Sport, 37(3), 305–312. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2020.96319
Klusemann, M. J., Pyne, D. B., Foster, C., & Drinkwater, E. J. (2012). Optimising Technical Skills and Physical Loading in Small-Sided Basketball Games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(14), 1463–1471. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.712714
Köklü, Y., Alemdaroğlu, U., Aksoy, & Gürmen. (2017). Comparaison Des Réponses Physiologiques Et Des Actions Techniques Sur Un Terrain Complet Chez Les Jeunes Joueurs De Basket-Ball. Science and Sports, 32(6), e215–e220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2017.05.005
Kusuma, K. C. H., Nasuka, N., & Irawan, F. A. (2020). Effects of Shots Under The Basket Shoot and Eye-Hand Coordination on Shot Results in Basketball Extracurricular Students at MAN 1 Semarang. Journal of Physical Education and Sports, 9(2), 131-137. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpes.v9i2.33985
Maggioni, M. A., Bonato, M., Stahn, A., Torre, A. La, Agnello, L., Vernillo, G., Castagna, C., & Merati, G. (2019). Effects of Ball Drills and Repeated-Sprint-Ability Training in Basketball Players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(6), 757–764. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0433
Magill, R. A. ., & Anderson, D. I. (2017). Motor Learning and Control: Concepts and Applications. McGraw-Hill Education.
Mallesh, A., & T.N, S. (2018). Effectiveness of Sports Specific Circuit Training and High Intensity Interval Training on Aerobic Capacity in Male Basketball Players. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 9(2), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs.2018.9.2.b340-347
Mandić, R., Jakovljević S., S., Erèulj, F., & Štrumbelj, E. (2019). Trends in NBA and Euroleague Basketball: Analysis and Comparison of Statistical Data from 2000 to 2017. PloS One, 14(10), e0223524. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223524
McCormick, B. T., Hannon, J. C., Newton, M., Shultz, B., Miller, N., Young, W., Arias, J., & Jenkins, D. (2012). Comparison of Physical Activity in Small-Sided Basketball Games versus Full-Sided Games. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 7(4), 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.7.4.689
Mendelson, M., Chacaroun, S., Baillieul, S., Doutreleau, S., Guinot, M., Wuyam, B., Tamisier, R., Pépin, J. L., Estève, F., Tessier, D., Vergès, S., & Flore, P. (2022). Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Sustained Reduction in Cardiometabolic Risk Associated with Overweight/Obesity. A Randomized Trial. Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness, 20(2), 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2022.03.001
Montgomery, P. G., & Maloney, B. D. (2018). Three-By-Three Basketball: Inertial Movement and Physiological Demands during Elite Games. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(9), 1169–1174. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0031
Muhammad, G., Nirwandi, N., Neldi, H., & Martha, I. (2023). Kontribusi Kekuatan Otot Lengan dan Koordinasi Mata Tangan terhadap Kemampuan Chest Pass Siswa Ekstrakurikuler Putra Permainan Bola Basket SMAN 6 Kerinci. Jurnal JPDO, 6(11), 39-45.
Oktavia, H. T., Setianingsih, M. R. Y., Assidiqi, M., & Raharjo, H. P. (2025). Studi Komparasi Pembelajaran Pendekatan Tarl Gaya Belajar, CRT dan Integrasi falam Peningkatan Keterampilan Bola Basket. Gelanggang Olahraga: Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga (JPJO), 8(3), 838–847. https://doi.org/10.31539/jpjo.v8i3.13111
Pasaribu, A. M. N. (2020). Tes dan Pengukuran Olahraga. Yayasan Pendidikan dan Sosial Indonesia Maju (YPSIM). Banten
Pratama, R. R., Fikri, A., Lubis, J., Samsudin, S., Widiastuti, W., Arisman, A., & Muslimin, M. (2024). The Effectiveness of Small Side Games in Increasing the Vo2Max Ability of Football Athletes. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 12(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2024.120101
Prawata, I. M. Y. (2021). Pembelajaran Gerak dalam Pendidikan Jasmani dari Perespektif Merdeka Belajar. Indonesian Journal of Educational Development, 2(2), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233331
Ramadhan, M. G., Ma’mun, A. Nuryadi, N., & Juliantine, T. (2023). Sports Policy on The Scope of Educational Sports Development Patterns: An Analysis Study. JUARA: Jurnal Olahraga. 8(1), 443-457. https://doi.org/10.33222/juara.v8i1.2420
Rosti, R. (2023). Hubungan Kekuatan Otot Lengan dan Koordinasi Mata Tangan dengan Ketepatan Passing Chest Pass Bola Basket Siswa SMP Negeri 13 Kolaka Utara. Jurnal Pedagogik Olahraga 9(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.24114/jpor.v9i1.46526
Sansone, P., Tessitore, A., Paulauskas, H., Lukonaitiene, I., Tschan, H., Pliauga, V., & Conte, D. (2019). Physical and Physiological Demands and Hormonal Responses in Basketball Small-Sided Games with Different Tactical Tasks and Training Regimes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(5), 602–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.017
Sansone, P., Gasperi, L., Makivic, B., Gomez-Ruano, M. A., Tessitore, A., & Conte, D. (2023). An Ecological Investigation of Average and Peak External Load Intensities of Basketball Skills and Game-Based Training Drills. Biology of Sport, 40(3), 649–656. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2023.119291
Saril, S., Dahrial, D., & Antoni, P. (2023). Kontribusi Kekuatan Otot Lengan dan Kelentukan Pergelangan Tangan Terhadap Ketepatan Shooting Petanque. Integrated Sport Journal (ISJ), 1(2), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.58707/isj.v1i2.550
Souza, W., Clemente, F., Goulart, K., Costa, G., Cunha, P., Figueiredo, L., Laporta, L., Reverdito, R., Leonardi, T., & Castro, H. (2024). Tactical and Technical Performance in Basketball Small-Sided Games: A Systematic Review. Retos, 56, 554–566. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.104564
Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (2014). Motor Learning and Performance: From Principles to Application. Human Kinetics.
Stojanovic, S., İlbak, İ., Lilić, A., & Kurhan, S. (2024). Heart Rate of Soccer Referees during Matches: A Systematic Review. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 10(2), 131-137. https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1462145
Supola, B., Hoch, T., & Baca, A. (2022). The Role of Secondary Assists in Basketball–An Analysis of its Characteristics and Effect on Scoring. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 22(2), 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2022.2039090
Susmita, D., Jufrianis, & Sari, V. I. P. (2023). Kontribusi Koordinasi Mata-Tangan Terhadap Hasil Belajar Passing Bawah Bolavoli. Skrinter : Jurnal Ilmu Olahraga, 4(3), 357–365. https://doi.org/10.46838/spr.v4i3.414
Syahruddin, S., Badaru, B., Saleh, M. S., Saleh, M. S., & Jufri, M. C. (2023). Keefektifan Bentuk Latihan dan Koordinasi Terhadap Keterampilan Chest Pass. Multilateral : Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 22(2), 155. https://doi.org/10.20527/multilateral.v22i2.16192
Sylvayoga, A. P. N., & Prayoga, A. S. (2021). Pembelajaran Teknik Dasar Shooting Bola Basket dengan Modifikasi Alat Ring Gantung dan Bola Karet untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa SDN Sonorejo I Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021. JAS: Journal Active of Sport, 1(2), 19-27.
Tarigan, S. T. A., & Wahjoedi, W. (2025). Hubungan Koordinasi Mata dan Tangan dengan Kemampuan Dribbling dan Shooting pada Peserta Ekstrakulikuler Bola Basket di SMP Negeri 2 Singaraja. Ranah Research: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 7(3), 1550-1558. https://doi:10.38035/rrj.v7i3.1471
Yoga, I. K. I. A. A., Hita, I. P. A. D., & Mahotama, I. B. G. J. (2025). Efektivitas Strategi Pembelajaran Kooperatif Terhadap Penguasaan Teknik Pivot Pada Permainan Bola Basket. Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisipin, 3(8), 596–605. https://doi.org/10.60126/jim.v3i8.1049
Zanada, J. F. (2024). Pengaruh Metode Circuit dan Interval Training Terhadap Kelincahan dan VO2Max Atlet Basket Ditinjau dari Daya Tahan Otot Tungkai. Thesis. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.
Zeng, J., Xu, J., Xu, Y., Zhou, W., & Xu, F. (2022). Effects of 4-Week Small-Sided Games vs. High-Intensity Interval Training with Changes of Direction in Female Collegiate Basketball Players. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 17(2), 366–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541211032739
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasna Tri Oktavia, Harry Pramono, Ipang Setiawan, Hermawan Pamot Raharjo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium. Copyrights of all materials published in Journal Sport Area are freely available without charge to users or / institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, search, or link to full-text articles in this journal without asking by giving appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. All of the remix, transform, or build upon the material must distribute the contributions under the same license as the original.
Accepted 2026-08-12
Published 2026-08-30
