Development and psychometric validation of a volleyball skill assessment instrument for children aged 10-13 years
Keywords:
Volleyball skill assessment, instrument development, children, psychometric validationAbstract
Background: Existing volleyball skill assessment tools are commonly adapted from adolescent or adult performance standards and may not accurately represent the motor development characteristics of children aged 10-13 years. Moreover, psychometrically validated instruments specifically designed for elementary school students remain limited. Objectives: The objective of this research is to create and test a volleyball skill assessment tool tailored for elementary school pupils aged 10 to 13 years. Methods: The study employed a research and development (R&D) design adapted from the Borg and Gall model. Test building concepts served as the basis for a research and development strategy. Five fundamental volleyball abilities were evaluated by the test: smash, underhand passing, overhand passing, underhand serving, and overhand service. Purposive sampling was used to pick 50 Bengkulu City primary school pupils as participants. Aiken’s V and CVR were used to assess content validity with six experts. Data processing utilised G*Power (v3. 1.9.7) and Jamovi (v2.3.2). Results: Strong content validity was shown by every skill component (CVR > 0.83; Aiken's V ≥ 0.87). EFA identified a two-factor structure that explained 71.84% of the overall variance: offensive technical ability and basic ball control. There were moderate to high relationships between criterion validity and game performance (r = 0.63-0.71). All subtests had strong reliability indices (ICC = 0.87-0.94; test–retest r = 0.79-0.86). Conclusion: The developed instrument demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability and shows potential for assessing basic volleyball skills among elementary school students. The constraints include a limited sample size and a restricted geographical scope. Future studies should encompass larger, more diverse groups and investigate technology-based evaluation formats to improve applicability.
Downloads
Author Biographies
Ajis Sumantri, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Dehasen Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia
Dody Ertanto, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Dehasen Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia
Dolly Apriansyah, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Dehasen Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia
References
Aini, K., Asmawi, M., Pelana, R., Tangkudung, J., & Muslimin, M. (2021). The Effect of Target and Netting Games on Overhead Pass Volleyball Accuracy. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(2), 224–230. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090209
Aka, K. A. (2019). Integration Borg & Amp; Gall (1983) and Lee & Amp; Owen (2004) Models as an Alternative Model of Design-Based Research of Interactive Multimedia in Elementary School. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1318(1), 012022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1318/1/012022
Andriansyah, A., Sumaryanto, S., Ngatman, N., & Prabowo, T. A. (2025). Development of a Game-Based Physical Training Model to Improve Motivation and Smashing Ability in Volleyball Athletes Aged 15-18 Years. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 29(5), 399–409. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2025.0503
Arantes, D., Gonçalves, C., Rodrigues, M., Correa, J., Milistetd, M., & Costa, G. D. C. T. (2025). Life Skills and Volleyball Teaching: Comparison Between TGfU and Direct Instruction Model. Education Sciences, 15(3), 305–316. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15030305
Baldwin, C. F. (2015). First-Year Physical Education Teachers’ Experiences With Teaching African Refugee Students. Sage Open, 5(1), 2158244015569737. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015569737
Bandeira, P. F. R., Duncan, M., Pessoa, M. L., Soares, Í., da Silva, L., Mota, J., & Martins, C. (2020). TGMD-2 Short Version: Evidence of Validity and Associations With Sex, Age, and BMI in Preschool Children. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 8(3), 528–543. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2019-0040
Benda, R. N., Marinho, N. F. S., Duarte, M. G., Ribeiro-Silva, P. C., Ortigas, P. R., Machado, C. F., & Gomes, T. V. B. (2021). A Brief Review on Motor Development: Fundamental Motor Skills as a Basis for Motor Skill Learning. Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior, 15(5), 342–355. https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v15i5.257
Callupe, R. L., Chau, J. M., Garcia, J. G., Chicoma, C. G., Arrese, C. F., Artieda, M. H., Elias, D. A., & Villota, E. R. (2025). Testing Protocol for Evaluating Underhand Serve-Reception Biomechanics in Volleyball. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 239(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371221106360
Cañabate, D., Bubnys, R., Hernández, E., & Colomer, J. (2024). A Rubric for Pre-Service Teachers to Evaluate Meaningful Physical Education. Frontiers in Education, 8(January), 1324349. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1324349
Chu, Y., Chen, C., Wang, G., & Su, F. (2022). The Effect of Education Model in Physical Education on Student Learning Behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(July), 944507. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.944507
de la Rubia, A., Molina-Martín, J. J., Muriarte-Solana, D., Veiga, S., Nieto-Acevedo, R., & López-Serrano, C. (2025). Examining the Role of Maturity Status on Physical Performance: a Case Study in the Spanish Volleyball Talent Development Programme. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 20(4), 1707–1716. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541251323538
de Oliveira, J. R., Werneck, F. Z., de Oliveira, H. Z., Coelho, E. F., & Bara Filho, M. G. (2026). Multidimensional Indicators of Sporting Talent in Young Male Volleyball Athletes. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 21(1), 359–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541251359622
Dewanti, G., Nompembri, S., Widiyanto, Hartanto, A., & Arianto, A. C. (2023). Development of Physical Education Learning Outcomes Assessment Instruments for Volleyball Materials Based on Game Performance Assessment Instrument. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(2), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.2.03
Dewi, R., & Verawati, I. (2021). The Effect of Manipulative Games to Improve Fundamental Motor Skills in Elementary School Students. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 10(1), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.2163
Esen, H. T., Eraslan, M., Altınkök, M., Eravşar, H., Demir, B., Özküçük, S., & Şeran, B. (2021). The Validity and Reliability Study of the Basic Motor Movement, Social Skill Observation, and Evaluation Scale for Basic Movement Education. Sage Open, 11(3), 21582440211031896. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211031897
García-Taibo, O., Ferriz-Valero, A., Boned-Gómez, S., & Baena-Morales, S. (2024). Effects of Cooperative Learning on Gender Equality Education in University Students. Retos, 54(May), 581–590. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v54.103491
Hasyim, H., & Bachtiar, I. (2021). Improving Volleyball Game Learning Outcomes Through Cooperative Learning Model. Gorontalo Sport Science, 1(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.31314/gss.v1i1.912
Hidayat, Y., Yudiana, Y., Hambali, B., & Nugraha, R. (2022). Reliability and Factorial Validity of Badminton Basic Skill among Badminton Beginner Athletes: A Preliminary Study. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(5), 922–931. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100508
Hulteen, R. M., Lander, N. J., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Robertson, S. J., & Lubans, D. R. (2015). Validity and Reliability of Field-Based Measures for Assessing Movement Skill Competency in Lifelong Physical Activities: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 45(10), 1443–1454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0357-0
Ishak, M., Pratama, B. A., & Sofyan, D. (2023). Effectiveness of Arm Strength, Leg Strength, and Body Flexibility on Students’ Volleyball Underhand Passing Ability. COMPETITOR: Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga, 15(3), 749–764. https://doi.org/10.26858/cjpko.v15i3.55411
Ismael, A. T. (2024). Analysis of the Relationship between Certain Biokinematic and Goniometric Variables of the Linear Smash with Explosive Force Upwards, Forwards, and in Volleyball Shooting. Ascarya: Journal of Islamic Science, Culture, and Social Studies, 4(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.53754/iscs.v4i1.667
Jamaludin, T. S. S., Nurumal, M. S., Ahmad, N., Muhammad, S. A. N., & Chan, C. M. (2022). Development and Evaluating Content Validity of Clinical Skill Analysis Index Tools. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(T5), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7824
Jariono, G., Nurhidayat, Sudarmanto, E., Nugroho, H., Maslikah, U., & Budiman, I. A. (2023). Basic Volleyball Technical Skills for Students: Validity and Reliability. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 747–753. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.5.13
Kizi, O. A. M. (2025). The Effectiveness of Using Game Sports in Physical Education Classes for Students of Higher Educational Institutions. European International Journal of Pedagogics, 5(3), 25–27. https://doi.org/10.55640/eijp-05-03-07
Komaini, A., Illahi, F. D., Gusril, Sin, T. H., Handayani, S. G., Yohandri, & Ayubi, N. (2022). Volleyball Smash Test Instrument Design with Sensor Technology. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2309(1), 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012011
Mardila, A. V., Victorian, A. R., Destriana, & Destriani. (2024). Exploring the Impact of Targeted Overhand Serve Practice Intervention: an Approach to Improve Volleyball Players’ Overhand Serving Skills. Journal Sport Area, 9(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2024.vol9(1).14551
Muslimin, M., Asmawi, M., Samsudin, S., Dlish, F., Tangkudung, J., Fikri, A., & Destriana, D. (2020). Model Development of Digital Based Volleyball under Service Skills Instruments. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 8(6A), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2020.080707
Palmer, K. K., Chinn, K. M., Scott-Andrews, K. Q., & Robinson, L. E. (2021). An Intervention-Related Comparison of Preschoolers’ Scores on the TGMD-2 and TGMD-3. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 128(4), 1354–1372. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125211013217
Paulo, A., Zaal, F. T. J. M., Fonseca, S., & Araújo, D. (2016). Predicting Volleyball Serve-Reception. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(November), 1694. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01694
Paulo, A., Davids, K., & Araújo, D. (2018). Co-Adaptation of Ball Reception to the Serve Constrains Outcomes in Elite Competitive Volleyball. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(2), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117722727
Purwanto, D., Kandupi, A. D., & Sukrawan, N. (2023). The Influence of Target Games Training and Target Service Training of the Wall With Targets on Ability the Service Accuracy. COMPETITOR: Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga, 15(2), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.26858/cjpko.v15i2.46406
Rifki, M. S., Hanifah, R., Sepdanius, E., Komaini, A., Ilham, I., Fajri, H. P., & Mario, D. T. (2022). Development of a Volleyball Test Instrument Model. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(4), 807–814. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100421
Rizqi, A., & Sutapa, P. (2019). Teacher Competence in Developing Motor Skills of Elementary School Students. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Progressive Civil Society (ICONPROCS 2019), 193–195. https://doi.org/10.2991/iconprocs-19.2019.40
Saeed, A. A. H., Habib, H. A. A., & Saleh, E. F. (2023). Functional Thinking Style and its Contribution to Learn the Accuracy of Block and Smash Serve in Volleyball among University Students. SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias Del Deporte, 12(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.556241
Santos, G. dos, Silva, M. M. do L. M., Villanueva, M. D., Júnior, J. P. da S., Cattuzzo, M. T., & Ré, A. H. N. (2020). Motor Competence of Brazilian Preschool Children Assessed by TGMD-2 Test: a Systematic Review. Journal of Physical Education, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v31i1.3117
Song, H., Wang, J. J., & Lau, P. W. (2022). Investigation of the Motor Skills Assessments of Typically Developing Preschool Children in China. BMC Pediatrics, 22(1), 84–101. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-244805/v1
Spinosa, R. M. de O., Santo, D. L. De, Costa, R. Z. F., Pazetto, N. F., Santos, C. R. dos, Medina-Papst, J., & Marques, I. (2020). Comparing Live and Digital Augmented Reality Models for Demonstrating Two Motor Skills from the Test of Gross Motor Development—Second Edition: TGMD-2. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 127(2), 386–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512519900061
Sujarwo, & Kuswoyo, D. (2025). Effects of Plyometric Training on Volleyball Smash Performance: a Pre-Experimental Study. Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia, 6(2), 266–269. https://doi.org/10.51559/ptji.v6i2.373
Wang, H., Yang, F., & Xing, X. (2022). Evaluation Method of Physical Education Teaching and Training Quality Based on Deep Learning. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2022(1), 1680888. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1680888
Wang, S. (2022). Genetic Algorithm and BP Neural Network for College Physical Education Teaching Evaluation. Scientific Programming, 2022(1), 9921960. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9921960
Xia, Y., Tasi, K.-C., Chen, F., & Yu, H.-C. (2025). Fostering Teamwork Skills Through PBL Volleyball Courses: a Social Psychological Study of Chinese Vocational College Students. Environment and Social Psychology, 10(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i4.3575
Yang, S.-C., Lin, S.-J., Chang, H.-Y., & Chien, I.-T. (2020). The Difficult Items in the TGMD-2 and BOT-2 for Taiwanese Preschoolers. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 8(6), 518–524. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2020.080626
Yansyah, R. (2021). Pengaruh Metode Latihan dan Sportivitas terhadap Keterampilan Pasing Atas (Studi Eksprimen pada Mata Pelajaran Penjaskes Materi Bola Voli Siswa Kelas VI Sekolah Dasar Negeri 35 Pagar Alam). Diadik: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Pendidikan, 11(2), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.33369/diadik.v11i2.18486
Yasri, K. A., Sari, T. M., Fauziah, R. H., Zulfany, Q., & Putri, W. (2022). Space and Equipment Constraints during Online Practice-Based Learning Faced by future Physical Education for Elementary School Teache. TEGAR: Journal of Teaching Physical Education in Elementary School, 5(2), 102–110. https://doi.org/10.17509/tegar.v5i2.45242
Yudiana, Y., Hidayat, Y., Hambali, B., Gumilar, A., & Mudjihartono, M. (2021). Volleyball Information System for Volleyball Performance Assessment. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(4A), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.091316
Yudiana, Y., Sucipto, S., Hidayat, Y., & Hambali, B. (2022). Student Performance Analysis in Volleyball Learning: The Use of a Modified Volleyball Information System Application. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(5), 913–921. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100507
Zhao, L. (2023). Use of a Deep Learning Approach for the Evaluation of Students’ Online Learning Cognitive Ability. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 18(12), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v18i12.41093
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Ajis Sumantri, Dody Ertanto, Dolly Apriansyah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium. Copyrights of all materials published in Journal Sport Area are freely available without charge to users or / institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, search, or link to full-text articles in this journal without asking by giving appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. All of the remix, transform, or build upon the material must distribute the contributions under the same license as the original.
Accepted 2026-04-15
Published 2026-05-01
