Effect of high-impact aerobics gymnastics on physical fitness and body mass index: A quasi-experimental study
Keywords:
Gymnastic exercises, high-impact activities, physical fitness, body mass index, high school studentsAbstract
Background: Physical inactivity among adolescents contributes to declining fitness and rising obesity rates. Although aerobic exercise has proven benefits, evidence on structured high-impact gymnastics for school-aged populations remains limited. Objectives: This study aims to examine the effect of high impact gymnastics exercises on physical fitness and body mass index in high school students. Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control group design involving 40 purposively selected students assigned to a high-impact gymnastics group and a control group. Physical fitness was measured using the Tes Kebugaran Jasmani Indonesia (TKJI), and BMI was calculated from height and weight. Normality (Shapiro–Wilk) and homogeneity (Levene’s test) assumptions were met (p > 0.05), allowing parametric analysis. Paired-samples t-tests were used to examine within-group changes, while independent-samples t-tests tested between-group differences (α = 0.05). Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were calculated to determine the magnitude of the intervention effects. Results: The high-impact gymnastics group showed significant improvements in TKJI scores (t = 7.892, p < 0.001, d = 1.52) and reductions in BMI (t = 3.210, p = 0.004, d = 0.72), whereas the control group showed no meaningful changes. Posttest comparisons confirmed that the intervention group outperformed the control group in physical fitness (t = 5.432, p < 0.001, d = 1.70) and had significantly lower BMI (t = 2.845, p = 0.007, d = 0.90). These findings indicate that high-impact gymnastics effectively improves physical fitness and reduces BMI among high school students. Conclusion: High-impact gymnastics was found to significantly improve students’ physical fitness (TKJI scores) and reduce BMI, demonstrating strong effectiveness as a school-based physical education strategy. This programme can support the development of an active lifestyle and contribute to early prevention of overweight and obesity among adolescents. However, the generalisability of the findings is limited by the sample size and quasi-experimental design. Future studies should involve larger and more diverse populations, longer intervention periods, and comparisons with alternative training models to strengthen evidence for broader implementation.
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Author Biographies
Kodrad Budiyono, Department of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tunas Pembangunan Surakarta (UTP), Surakarta, Indonesia
Pipit Fitria Yulianto, Department of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tunas Pembangunan Surakarta (UTP), Surakarta, Indonesia
Risa Agus Teguh Wibowo, Department of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tunas Pembangunan Surakarta (UTP), Surakarta, Indonesia
Eriek Satya Haprabu, Department of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tunas Pembangunan Surakarta (UTP), Surakarta, Indonesia
Arif Rohman Hakim, Department of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tunas Pembangunan Surakarta (UTP), Surakarta, Indonesia
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