Enhancing cardiorespiratory and muscular endurance in football players: The impact of a six-week interval training program
Keywords:
Interval training, cardio respiratory endurance, muscular endurance, football playersAbstract
Background Problem: The integration of interval training programs has emerged as a focal point for enhancing the cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular endurance of players. Research Objectives: The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of interval training program on cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular endurance of football payers. Methods: A total of thirty male football players (age 18-24 year) were selected from Imphal West District, Imphal, Manipur (India) who participated in the national level competition. The subjects were randomly assigned into two equal groups, experimental group (n = 15) and control group (n = 15). Before the intervention featuring a six-week interval training program five days of sessions per week (Monday to Friday) each lasting 60 minutes, groups underwent initial assessments through which Cooper’s 12-minute run/walk test for cardiorespiratory endurance and bent-knee sit-ups for muscular endurance. Pre and post-test scores underwent statistical analysis, utilizing descriptive statistics and the Analysis of Covariance test (ANCOVA). The level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence. Findings and Results: The experimental group showed improved scores in the cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular endurance compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The mean of the cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular endurance for pretest and posttest of the experimental group were 25.68 ± 25.85 and 27.82 ± 26.25 respectively. The mean of the cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular endurance for pre-test and post-test of the control group were 28.24 ± 28.42 and 32.58 ± 28.80 respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that the interval training program group had shown significantly improved cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular endurance and the control group had insignificant improvement. It was confirmed that a six weeks interval training program was effective to improve the cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular endurance of football players.
Downloads
Author Biographies
Laishram Santosh Singh, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Manipur University, Manipur, India
Email: santoshlaishram@manipuruniv.ac.in
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7387-6797
Sm Farooque, Department of Physical Education, Tripura University, Agartala, India
Email: smharish9@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1018-6745
Waribam James Singh, Department of Sports Physiology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Email: waribamjames@manipuruniv.ac.in
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1018-6745
Milan Zelenovic, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Email: milanzeleni13@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0435-2399
References
Allison, M. K., Baglole, J. H., Martin, B. J., Macinnis, M. J., Gurd, B. J., & Gibala, M. J. (2017). Brief Intense Stair Climbing Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(2), 298–307. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001188
Atakan, M. M., Guzel, Y., Shrestha, N., Kosar, S. N., Grgic, J., Astorino, T. A., Turnagol, H. H., & Pedisic, Z. (2022). Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Sprint Interval Training (SIT) on Fat Oxidation during Exercise: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 56(17), 988–996. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-105181
Barrera-Díaz, J., Figueiredo, A. J., Field, A., Ferreira, B., Querido, S. M., Silva, J. R., Ribeiro, J., Pinto, I., Cornejo, P., Torres, H., Saffa, A., & Sarmento, H. (2023). Contemporary Practices of Physical Trainers in Professional Soccer: A Qualitative Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1101958. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1101958
Bassuk, S. S., & Manson, J. E. (2014). Physical Activity and Health in Women. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 8(3), 144–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827613510870
Briand, J., Tremblay, J., & Thibault, G. (2022). Can Popular High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Models Lead to Impossible Training Sessions? Sports, 10(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10010010
Castro-Piñero, J., Marin-Jimenez, N., Fernandez-Santos, J. R., Martin-Acosta, F., Segura-Jimenez, V., Izquierdo-Gomez, R., Ruiz, J. R., & Cuenca-Garcia, M. (2021). Criterion-Related Validity of Field-Based Fitness Tests in Adults: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(16), 3743. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163743
Cossich, V. R. A., Carlgren, D., Holash, R. J., & Katz, L. (2023). Technological Breakthroughs in Sport: Current Practice and Future Potential of Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Modern Data Visualization in Performance Analysis. Applied Sciences, 13(23), 12965. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312965
Dodd, K. D., & Newans, T. J. (2018). Talent Identification for Soccer: Physiological Aspects. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(10), 1073–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.01.009
Donath, L., Faude, O., Roth, R., & Zahner, L. (2014). Effects of Stair‐Climbing on Balance, Gait, Strength, Resting Heart Rate, and Submaximal Endurance in Healthy Seniors. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12113
Falcone, P. H., Tai, C.-Y., Carson, L. R., Joy, J. M., Mosman, M. M., McCann, T. R., Crona, K. P., Kim, M. P., & Moon, J. R. (2015). Caloric Expenditure of Aerobic, Resistance, or Combined High-Intensity Interval Training Using a Hydraulic Resistance System in Healthy Men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(3), 779–785. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000661
Farooque, S., Das, P. K., Mitra, M., & Dhar, K. (2023a). Effect of 12 Weeks SAQ and Circuit Training on Dribbling and Shooting Ability of Soccer Player. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 9(5), 74-81. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v9i5.4750
Farooque, S., Mitra, M., & Das, P. K. (2023b). Effect of 12-Week Endurance Training on Biochemical Parameters in Elite Football Players: a Comprehensive Analysis. Journal Sport Area, 8(3), 388–395. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2023.vol8(3).13856
Farrow, D., & Robertson, S. (2017). Development of a Skill Acquisition Periodisation Framework for High-Performance Sport. Sports Medicine, 47(6), 1043–1054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0646-2
Faude, O., Schnittker, R., Schulte-Zurhausen, R., Müller, F., & Meyer, T. (2013). High Intensity Interval Training vs. High-Volume Running Training during Pre-Season Conditioning in High-Level Youth Football: A Cross-Over Trial. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(13), 1441–1450. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.792953
Gavanda, S., Isenmann, E., Geisler, S., Faigenbaum, A., & Zinner, C. (2022). The Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training Compared with Traditional Strength or Endurance Training on Physical Performance in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(3), 624–632. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004221
Gillen, J. B., Martin, B. J., MacInnis, M. J., Skelly, L. E., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Gibala, M. J. (2016). Twelve Weeks of Sprint Interval Training Improves Indices of Cardiometabolic Health Similar to Traditional Endurance Training despite a Five-Fold Lower Exercise Volume and Time Commitment. PLOS ONE, 11(4), e0154075. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154075
Halder, S., & Chakraborty, B. (2014). Effect of a Specific Training Programme on Development of Soccer Playing Ability of 14-Year-Old Young Soccer Players. International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports, 3(3), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.26524/1438
Harrison, C., Kinugasa, T., Gill, N., & Kilding, A. (2015). Aerobic Fitness for Young Athletes: Combining Game-based and High-intensity Interval Training. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(11), 929–934. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1396825
Hogan, C. L., Mata, J., & Carstensen, L. L. (2013). Exercise holds immediate benefits for affect and cognition in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 28(2), 587–594. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032634
Hughes, D. C., Ellefsen, S., & Baar, K. (2018). Adaptations to Endurance and Strength Training. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 8(6), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a029769
Kirthika, S. V., Lakshmanan, R., Padmanabhan, K., Sudhakar, S., & Selvam, P. S. (2019). The Effect of Skipping rope Exercise on Physical and Cardiovascular fitness among Collegiate Males. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 12(10), 4831. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00836.9
Kulothungan, M., & Kirubananth, V. (2023). Effect of Aerobic Training on Selected Skill Related Performance Variables among Soccer Players. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 10(1), 247-249.
Mackała, K., Kurzaj, M., Okrzymowska, P., Stodółka, J., Coh, M., & Rożek-Piechura, K. (2019). The Effect of Respiratory Muscle Training on the Pulmonary Function, Lung Ventilation, and Endurance Performance of Young Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010234
Mohr, M., Nassis, G. P., Brito, J., Randers, M. B., Castagna, C., Parnell, D., & Krustrup, P. (2022). Return to Elite Football after the COVID-19 Lockdown. Managing Sport and Leisure, 27(1–2), 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1768635
Mujika, I., Halson, S., Burke, L. M., Balagué, G., & Farrow, D. (2018). An Integrated, Multifactorial Approach to Periodization for Optimal Performance in Individual and Team Sports. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(5), 538–561. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0093
Novack, L. F., Souza, G. C. de, Conde, J. H. S., Souza, R. O. de, & Osiecki, R. (2018). Quantification of Match Internal Load and its Relationship with Physical Fitness and Recovery State of Professional Soccer Athletes during the Competitive Period. Human Movement, 19(3), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.5114/hm.2018.76077
Reiman, M. P., & Lorenz, D. S. (2011). Integration of Strength and Conditioning Principles Into a Rehabilitation Program. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 6(3), 241–253. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3164002/
Ryan, D., Lewin, C., Forsythe, S., & McCall, A. (2018). Developing World-Class Soccer Players: An Example of the Academy Physical Development Program from an English Premier League Team. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 40(3), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000340
Singh, L. S., Lamani, C. G., & Goa, P. K. K. B., (2016). Study of Training Load On Selected Physical and Physiological Variables of Soccer Players of Manipur State. Academic Sports Scholars, 5(11), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12826.47042
Singh, L. S., Singh, S. O., & Thapa, S. K. (2018). Effect of Plyometric and Weight Training on Selected Physiological Variable of Football Players. Journal of Advances in Sports and Physical Education, 1(3), 75-78. https://doi.org/10.36348/jaspe.2018
Singh, L. S., Pungding, L., Singh, W. J., Bjelica, B., Burhaein, E., & Zelenovic, M. (2022a). Effect of Skipping Rope Training on Resting Heart Rate and Cardiorespiratory Endurance Among Soccer Players. JUMORA: Jurnal Moderasi Olahraga, 2(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.53863/mor.v2i2.426
Singh, L. S., Singh, S. O., Devi, O. P., Singh, W. J., & Singh, s. Sen. (2022b). Effect of Pranayama Exercise on Breath-Holding Capacity of Soccer Players. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 5(2), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1172462
Seçkin, A. Ç., Ateş, B., & Seçkin, M. (2023). Review on Wearable Technology in Sports: Concepts, Challenges and Opportunities. Applied Sciences, 13(18), 10399. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810399
Thomas, H. J., Marsh, C. E., Maslen, B. A., Lester, L., Naylor, L. H., & Green, D. J. (2022). Endurance Versus Resistance Training in Treatment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial. PLOS ONE, 17(9), e0274082. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274082
Turner, A. N., & Stewart, P. F. (2014). Strength and Conditioning for Soccer Players. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 36(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000054
Wang, M., & Zhang, J. (2023). Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Football Players’ Performance. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Do Esporte, 29. e2022-e2038. https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0238
Yan, S., Kim, Y., & Choi, Y. (2022). Aerobic and Anaerobic Fitness according to High-Intensity Interval Training Frequency in Youth Soccer Players in the Last Stage of Rehabilitation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315573
Zhang, Z. Y., Ji, H. S., He, J. X., Huang, L. J., Ding, S. C., Sun, J., & Li, D. Y. (2023). A Meta-analysis of the Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Small-Sided Games on Sprint Performance in Adolescents. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 45(5), 587–597. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000773
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 Laishram Santosh Singh, Sm Farooque, Waribam James Singh, Milan Zelenovic
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium. Copyrights of all materials published in Journal Sport Area are freely available without charge to users or / institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, search, or link to full-text articles in this journal without asking by giving appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. All of the remix, transform, or build upon the material must distribute the contributions under the same license as the original.
Accepted 2024-01-31
Published 2024-03-06
