Effect of 12-week endurance training on biochemical parameters in elite football players: A comprehensive analysis
Keywords:
HDL, LDL, VLDL, creatine, hemoglobinAbstract
Endurance training plays a pivotal role in football performance, shaping players’ cardiovascular fitness and metabolic adjustments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the different changes in biochemical parameters after exposure to 12 weeks of circuit training based on endurance in football. A total of fifteen elite football players, with an average age of 16.87 ± 1.13 years, an average weight of 61.87 ± 5.94 kg, and an average height of 172.82 ± 5.18 cm, participated in the study. On average, they had been training for 5.0 ± 1.0 years and had intermediate experience in national-level competitions for 4.0 ± 1.0 years. Following the initial data collection, the participants engaged in a twelve-week endurance training programme, involving one hour of daily training for four days a week. Pre-experimental designs were used in the data collection process. Further, for the analysis and extraction of data, descriptive statistics and t-tests were employed. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. Significant changes were found from baseline to post-treatment in each player’s biochemical parameters. A significant increase in HDL, haemoglobin, creatine, and RBC and a significant decrease in LDL and VLDL were observed. The findings of this study underscore the potential benefits of endurance training for elite football players, as reflected in positive alterations in various biochemical parameters. However, for more comprehensive conclusions and a deeper understanding of the broader implications. Future research is recommended with larger sample sizes, control groups, and more detailed performance outcome measurements. This research contributes to our knowledge of the physiological responses of elite football players to endurance training and the potential advantages, it offers in optimising their performance and overall health.
Downloads
References
Apostolidis, N., Bogdanis, G. C., Kostopoulos, N., Souglis, A., & Papadopoulos, Ch. (2014). Changes in the Lipid Profile of Elite Basketball and Soccer Players after a Match. Research in Sports Medicine, 22(1), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2013.852095
Archiza, B., Andaku, D. K., Caruso, F. C. R., Bonjorno, J. C., Oliveira, C. R. de, Ricci, P. A., Amaral, A. C. do, Mattiello, S. M., Libardi, C. A., Phillips, S. A., Arena, R., & Borghi-Silva, A. (2018). Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Professional Women Football Players: A Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(7), 771–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1340659
Arwandi, J., & Firdaus, M. (2021). Effect of Agility Training Towards Soccer Dribbling Skills. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Sport Sciences, Health and Tourism (ICSSHT 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.210130.002
Asadi, A. (2016). Relationship Between Jumping Ability, Agility and Sprint Performance of Elite Young Basketball Players: A Field-Test Approach. Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, 18(2), 177-186. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n2p177
Azmi, K., & Kusnanik, N. W. (2018). Effect of Exercise Program Speed, Agility, and Quickness (SAQ) in Improving Speed, Agility, and Acceleration. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 947, 012043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/947/1/012043
Beunders, R., Bongers, C. C. W. G., & Pickkers, P. (2020). The Effects of Physical Exercise on the Assessment of Kidney Function. Journal of Applied Physiology, 128(5), 1459–1460. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00189.2020
Bompa, T. O. , & Buzzichelli. C. (2019). Periodization Theory and Methodology of Training (Sixth). Human Kinetics
Fragala, M. S., Cadore, E. L., Dorgo, S., Izquierdo, M., Kraemer, W. J., Peterson, M. D., & Ryan, E. D. (2019). Resistance Training for Older Adults: Position Statement From the National Strength and Conditioning Association. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(8), 2019–2052. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003230
Gates, N., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Sachdev, P. S., & Valenzuela, M. (2013). The Effect of Exercise Training on Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(11), 1086–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.02.018
Gordon, B., Chen, S., & Durstine, J. L. (2014). The Effects of Exercise Training on the Traditional Lipid Profile and Beyond. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 13(4), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000073
Guo, Z., Cai, J., Wu, Z., & Gong, W. (2022). Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with Fasting in the Treatment of Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8), 4638. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084638
Huggett, R. J. (2018). Biomarkers: Biochemical, Physiological, and Histological Markers of Anthropogenic Stress (CRC Press, Ed.).
Kostrzewa-Nowak, D., Nowak, R., Jastrzębski, Z., Zarębska, A., Bichowska, M., Drobnik-Kozakiewicz, I., Radzimiński, Ł., Leońska-Duniec, A., Ficek, K., & Cięszczyk, P. (2015). Effect of 12-Week-Long Aerobic Training Programme on Body Composition, Aerobic Capacity, Complete Blood Count and Blood Lipid Profile among Young Women. Biochemia Medica, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.013
Kostrzewa-Nowak, D., Nowakowska, A., Zwierko, T., Rybak, M., & Nowak, R. (2020). The Influence of a Health-Related Fitness Training Program on Motor Performance as Well as Hematological and Biochemical Parameters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020578
Luo, S., Soh, K. G., Zhang, L., Zhai, X., Sunardi, J., Gao, Y., & Sun, H. (2023). Effect of Core Training on Skill-Related Physical Fitness Performance among Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1046456
Mairbäurl, H. (2013). Red Blood Cells in Sports: Effects of Exercise and Training on Oxygen Supply by Red Blood Cells. Frontiers in Physiology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00332
Manna, I., Khanna, G. L., & Dhara, P. C. (2010). Variation in Age and Training on Selected Biochemical Variables of Indian Hockey Players. Al Ameen J Med Sci, 3(2), 128-139.
Martin-Niedecken, A. L., Mahrer, A., Rogers, K., de Bruin, E. D., & Schättin, A. (2020). “HIIT” the ExerCube: Comparing the Effectiveness of Functional High-Intensity Interval Training in Conventional vs. Exergame-Based Training. Frontiers in Computer Science, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2020.00033
McKay, A., Cropley, B., Mullen, R., Shearer, D., & Hanton, S. (2022). Psychosocial Demands and Situational Properties of the Club-to-International Transition in Male Youth Football. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 34(6), 1272–1294. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2021.1972495
Mohammed, Z., Zohar, B. F., Gourar, B., Ali, B., & Idriss, M. M. (2018). VO2max Levels as a Pointer of Physiological Training Status among Soccer Players. Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae, 58(2), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.2478/afepuc-2018-0010
Mujika, I., Halson, S., Burke, L. M., Balagué, G., & Farrow, D. (2018). An Integrated, Multifactorial Approach to Periodization for Optimal Performance in Individual and Team Sports. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(5), 538–561. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0093
Ogłodek, E. A. (2022). Changes in the Serum Concentration Levels of Serotonin, Tryptophan and Cortisol among Stress-Resilient and Stress-Susceptible Individuals after Experiencing Traumatic Stress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16517. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416517
Osei, F., Moses, M. O., Pambo, P., Baffour-Awuah, B., Asamoah, B., Afrifa, D., Appiah, E. J., Akwa, L. G., & Obour, A. (2020). Changes in Cardiovascular Parameters of a-University Football athletes Associated with Short duration Pre-Tournament Training. Scientific African, 8, e00285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00285
Paoli, A., Pacelli, Q. F., Moro, T., Marcolin, G., Neri, M., Battaglia, G., Sergi, G., Bolzetta, F., & Bianco, A. (2013). Effects of High-Intensity Circuit Training, Low-Intensity Circuit Training and Endurance Training on Blood Pressure and Lipoproteins in Middle-Aged Overweight Men. Lipids in Health and Disease, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-12-131
Ruiz-Ramie, J. J., Barber, J. L., & Sarzynski, M. A. (2019). Effects of Exercise on HDL Functionality. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 30(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000568
Sepriadi, Jannah, K., & Eldawaty. (2020). The Effect of Jogging Exercise to Improve Hemoglobin Levels. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1481(1), 012028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1481/1/012028
Silva, H., Nakamura, F. Y., Beato, M., & Marcelino, R. (2023). Acceleration and Deceleration Demands during Training Sessions in Football: A Systematic Review. Science and Medicine in Football, 7(3), 198–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2022.2090600
Sotiropoulos, A., Travlos, A. K., Gissis, I., Souglis, A. G., & Grezios, A. (2009). The Effect of a 4-Week Training Regimen on Body Fat and Aerobic Capacity of Professional Soccer Players During The Transition Period. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(6), 1697–1703. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3df69
Törpel, A., Peter, B., & Schega, L. (2020). Effect of Resistance Training Under Normobaric Hypoxia on Physical Performance, Hematological Parameters, and Body Composition in Young and Older People. Frontiers in Physiology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00335
Zivkovic, V., Lazarevic, P., Djuric, D., Cubrilo, D., Macura, M., Vuletic, M., Barudzic, N., Nesic, M., & Jakovljevic, V. (2013). Alteration in Basal Redox State of Young Male Soccer Players after a Six-Month Training Programme. Acta Physiologica Hungarica, 100(1), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1556/APhysiol.100.2013.1.6
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium. Copyrights of all materials published in Journal Sport Area are freely available without charge to users or / institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, search, or link to full-text articles in this journal without asking by giving appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. All of the remix, transform, or build upon the material must distribute the contributions under the same license as the original.
Accepted 2023-09-26
Published 2023-10-19