Proxapertites from Walat Formation, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2021.6.1.5583Keywords:
Proxapertites, Characteristics, Walat Formation, SukabumiAbstract
Proxapertites have become one of the most significant indicators of ancient rock in Indonesia. Walat Formation is one of the oldest rocks exposed in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. These Proxapertites have not been described in detail about their characteristics in previous studies, especially on Walat Formation. Therefore, knowing the characteristics of Proxapertites becomes interesting, especially in Walat Formation, which can be a reference for the characteristics of the late Eocene Proxapertites (37.8 - 33.9 million) in Indonesia. Acetolysis method was carried out for the preparation of pollen and spores; description and determination were carried out to see the characteristics of Proxapertites that present in Walat Formation. Result, there are three types of Proxapertites. Proxapertites operculatus have sizes 23 – 86 µ with average 40.5 (P) and 51.1 (E) µ, index PE 0,43 - 1, Peroblate – Subspheroidal – Oblate Spheroidal, Fine-Reticulate ornamentation, and Asymmetric Monosulcate aperture. Proxapertites cursus have sizes 23 – 86 µ with average 39.8 (P) and 49.8 (E) µ, index PE 0.51 - 1, Oblate – Subspheroidal – Oblate Spheroidal, Reticulate ornamentation, and Asymmetric Monosulcate aperture. Whereas Proxapertites psilatus have sizes 29 – 75 µ with average 42.3 (P) and 52.5 (E) µ, index PE 0.58 - 1, Oblate – Subspheroidal – Oblate Spheroidal, Psilate ornamentation, and Asymmetric Monosulcate aperture. These three Proxapertites can be distinguished by their type of ornamentation. Meanwhile, other aspects have similar characteristics and are affected by the appearance of individual pollen on the slide during preparation.
Downloads
References
Clapperton, C.M. et al., 1989. Late-glacial and Holocene Glacier Fluctuations and Environmental Change on South Georgia, Southern Ocean. Quaternary Research 31(2), 210–228.
Edet, J.J., Nyong, E.E., 1994. Palynostratigraphy of Nkporo Shale exposures (late Campanian-Maastrichtian) on the Calabar Flank, SE Nigeria. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 80(1–2), 131–147.
Effendi, A.C., Kusnama, Hermanto, B., 1998. Peta Geologi Lembar Bogor, Jawa Barat, Skala 1: 100.000.
Fauzi, R., 2017. Studi Lingkungan Pengendapan Formasi Balikpapan Daerah Batu Besaung, in Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi, Inovasi dan Aplikasi di Lingkungan Tropis IV. Samarinda: Universitas Mulawarman, 76–80.
Germeraad, J., Hoping, C.A., Muller, J., 1968. Palynology of Tertiary Sediments From Tropical Areas. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 6(3–4), 189–348.
Gray, J., Boucot, A.J., 1975. Color Changes in Pollen and Spores: A Review. Geological Society of America Bulletin 86(7), 1019–1033.
Hall, S.A., 1981. Deteriorated Pollen Grains and The Interpretation of Quaternary Pollen Diagrams. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 32(2–3), 193–206.
Hammen, T.V.D., 1956. Description of Dome Genera and Species of Fossil Pollen and Spores. Boletín Geológico 4(2–3), 111–117.
Harley, M.M., Baker, W.J., 2001. Pollen aperture morphology in Arecaceae: Application within phylogenetic analyses, and a summary of record of the fossil record of palm-like pollen. Grana 40(1–2), 45–77.
Hartmann, A. et al., 2013. Multi-proxy Evidence for Human-induced Deforestation and Cultivation from a Late Holocene Stalagmite from middle java, Indonesia. Chemical Geology 357, 8–17.
Hesse, M., Zetter, R., 2007. The fossil pollen record of Araceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 263(1–2), 93–115.
Hope, G., Tulip, J., 1994. A long vegetation history from lowland Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 109(2–4), 385–398.
Huang, H. et al., 2020. Eocene palms from central Myanmar in a South East Asian and global perspective: Evidence from the palynological record. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 194(2), 177–206.
Kaars, S.V.D. et al., 2000. A Late Quaternary palaeoecological record from the Banda Sea, Indonesia: Patterns of vegetation, climate and biomass burning in Indonesia and northern Australia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 155(1–2), 135–153.
Kaars, S.V.D. et al., 2001. Late Quaternary Palaeoecology, Palynology and Palaeolimnology of a Tropical Lowland Swamp: Rawa Danau, West-Java, Indonesia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 171(3–4), 185–212.
Kaars, S.V.D., Bergh, G.D.V.D., 2004. Anthropogenic Changes in the Landscape of West Java (Indonesia) During Historic Times, Inferred From a Sediment and Pollen Record From Teluk Banten. Journal of Quaternary Science 19(3), 229–239.
Kaars, S.V.D., Dam, R., 1997. Vegetation and Climate Change in West-Java, Indonesia During The Last 135,000 Years. Quaternary International 37, 67–71.
Kusumahbrata, Y., 1994. Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of the Bayah, Walat and Ciletuh Formations, Southwest Java Basin, Indonesia. University of Wollongong Dissertation. University of Wollongong.
Lelono, E.B., 2007a. Gondwanan Palynomorphs From The Paleogene Sediments Of East Java: The Evidence Of Earlier Arrival. Lemigas Scientific Contributions 30(2), 1–12.
Lelono, E.B., 2007b. Palinomorf Eosen dari Selat Makasar. Lembaran Publikasi Lemigas 41(2), 1–10.
Lelono, E.B. 2007c. Zonasi Polen Tersier Indonesia Timur. Lembaran Publikasi Lemigas 41(1), 1–8.
Lelono, E.B., Morley, R.J., 2011. Oligocene palynological succession from the East Java Sea. Geological Society of London Special Publication 355(1), 333–345.
Lestari, T.H., 2018. Rekonstruksi Vegetasi Pasca Kebakaran Di Blok Gunung Geulis, Suaka Margasatwa Cikepuh Berdasarkan Bukti-Bukti Palinologi. Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral 19(2), 107–116.
Martodjojo, S., 2003. Evolusi Cekungan Bogor Jawa Barat. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Noraini, T. et al., 2017. Ciri Morfologi Diagnosis Debunga Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia dan Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) di Semenanjung Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 46(12), 2291–2303.
Puspitasari, R., Suedy, S.W.A., Haryanti, S., 2018. Plant diversity based on pollen and spores morphology from sediment lake of Kedung Ombo Purwodadi. NICHE Journal of Tropical Biology 1(2), 35–41.
Refsnider, K.A. et al., 2014. Subglacially precipitated carbonates record geochemical interactions and pollen preservation at the base of the Laurentide Ice Sheet on central Baffin Island, eastern Canadian Arctic. Quaternary Research 81(1), 94–105.
Reitsma, T., 1970. Suggestions Towards Unification of Descriptive Terminology of Angiosperm Pollen Grains. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 10(1), 39–60.
Retallack, G., 1984. Completeness of the Rock and Fossil Record: Some Estimates Using Fossil Soils. Paleobiology 10(1), 59–78.
Rull, V., 1999. Palaeofloristic and palaeovegetational changes across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary in northern South America. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 107(1–2), 83–95.
Sarah, S., Suedy, S.W.A., Hastuti, E.D., 2017. Ciri Morfologi Polen Dan Spora Tumbuhan Dari Sedimen Rawa Jombor Klaten. Bioma 19(1), 5–12. doi:10.14710/bioma.19.1.5-12
Setijadi, R., Suedi, S.W.A., 2011. Keanekaragaman Flora Hutan Mangrove Di Pantai Rembang dan Semarang Berdasarkan Bukti Palinologinya. Berkala Penelitian Hayati 7A, 25–28.
Singh, S.K.M., Tripathi, H.P., 1986. Observations on some Tertiary Zonisulcate Pollen Grains. The Palaeobotanist 35(1), 48–52.
Smiet, A.C., 1992. Forest Ecology On Java: Human Impact And Vegetation Of Montane Forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 8(2), 129–152.
Stuijts, I.M., 1993. Late Pleistocene and Holocene Vegetation of West Java, Indonesia. Rotterdam: Balkema A. A. Publishers.
Stuijts, I., Newsome, J.C., Flenley, J.R., 1988. Evidence For Late Quartenary Vegetational Change In The Sumatran And Javan Highlands. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 55(1–3), 207–216.
Sunardi, E., Adhiperdana, B.G., 2013. Sedimentologi dan Paleohidrologi Sedimen Fluvial Oligosen Formasi Walat, Sukabumi, Jawa Barat. Bionatura 15(1), 8–13.
Tania, D., 2019. Perkembangan Lingkungan Pengendapan Dari Formasi Sambipitu Ke Formasi Wonosari Daerah Jelok, Desa Beji, Kecamatan Patok, Kabupaten Gunungkidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Jurnal Teknologi Technoscientia 11(2), 193–201.
Trujillo, A.P., Roche, E., 2009. Paleocene-Eocene Palynology and Palynofacies From Northeastern Colombia and Western Venezuela. Colombia: Universidad de Caldas.
Umeji, O.P., 2003. Palynological data from the road section at the Ogbunike Tollgate, Onitsha, southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology 39(2), 95–102.
Vermoere, M. et al., 1999. Pollen analysis of two travertine sections in Baskoy (southwestern Turkey): Implications for environmental conditions during the early Holocene. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 105(1–2), 93–110.
Wibowo, U.P., Kapid, R., 2014. Biostratigrafi Nannoplankton Daerah Rajamandala. Jurnal Geologi Sumber Daya Mineral 15(4), 185–194.
Zetter, R., Hesse, M., Frosch-Radivo, A., 2001. Early Eocene Zona-aperturate pollen grains of the Proxapertites type with affinity to Araceae. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 117(4), 267–279.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright @2019. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium. Copyrights of all materials published in JGEET are freely available without charge to users or / institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, search, or link to full-text articles in this journal without asking by giving appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. All of the remix, transform, or build upon the material must distribute the contributions under the same license as the original.
