How is the mental toughness of student-athletes? An investigation of elite student-athletes in Bengkulu City
Keywords:
Mental, toughness, students, athletesAbstract
The objectives to be achieved in this study are knowing the level of the mental toughness of student-athletes in Bengkulu City. This research applies a quantitative descriptive method through a causal-comparative design. The research population was 34 student-athletes from 5 sports. Determination of the sample using purposive random sampling. Data were collected using the Mental Toughness in Sport Questionnaire instrument. The data analysis technique uses standard deviation and the ideal mean to determine the level of the mental toughness of student-athletes, meanwhile to determine the level of the mental toughness of student-athletes who are reviewed based on sport and gender by hypothesis testing (one-way ANOVA and t-test) using SPSS. The results of data analysis found the category of the mental toughness of student-athletes in Bengkulu City was very high and there were no differences in the mental toughness of athletes from each sport and gender. However, this study has not yet discussed the strategies and mental training programs implemented by athletes in each sport. Therefore, it is recommended that researchers who have an interest in continuing this research are advised to study further the strategies and programs of athletes' mental training.
Downloads
References
Ahsan, M., & Mohammad, A. (2017). Mental toughness as a determinant factor of performance in table tennis. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 3(12), 194-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v0i0.1251
Ajilchi, B., Mohebi, M., Zarei, S., & Kisely, S. (2021). Effect of a mindfulness programme training on mental toughness and psychological well-being of female athletes. Australasian Psychiatry, 30(3), 352-356. https://doi.org/10.1177/10398562211057075
Ardiansyah, A., & Dimyati, D. (2021). Mental Toughness of PON Athletes of Special Region of Yogyakarta. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 7(3), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v7i3.3940
Bedir, D., Erim, E., Ilhan, S., & Fatih, B. (2017). The Effects of Basic Psychological Needs on Psychological Skills of Athletes. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 3(10), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v0i0.1278
Bita, A., Mahmoud, M., Sahar, Z., & Steve, K. (2021). Effect of A Mindfulness Programme Training on Mental Toughness and Psychological Well-Being of Female Athletes. Australasian Psychiatry, 30(3), 10-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/10398562211057075
Brecht, A. A., & Burnett, D. D. (2019). Advising Student-Athletes for Success: Predicting the Academic Success and Persistence of Collegiate Student-Athletes. NACADA Journal, 39(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.12930/nacada-17-044
Bulent, O. M., Ugur, O., & Ozkan, B. (2017). Evaluation of Sport Mental Toughness and Psychological Wellbeing in Undergraduate Student Athletes. Educational Research and Reviews, 12(8), 483–487. https://doi.org/10.5897/err2017.3216
Burievich, B. B. (2022). Role of the Trainer in the Psychological Training of the Athlete in Out-School Work on Physical Education and Sport. International Journal of Discoveries and Innovations in Applied Sciences, 2(2), 29–32.
Cowden, R. G. (2017). Mental Toughness and Success in Sport: A Review and Prospect. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 10(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01710010001
Craike, M. J., Polman, R., Eime, R., Symons, C., Harvey, J., & Payne, W. (2014). Associations Between Behavior Regulation, Competence, Physical Activity, and Health for Adolescent Females. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11(2), 410–418. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0070
Crust, L., & Clough, P. J. (2011a). Developing Mental Toughness: From Research to Practice. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2011.563436
Crust, L., & Swann, C. (2011b). Comparing Two Measures of Mental Toughness. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 217–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.032
Etikan, I. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Fernández, M. M., Bello, F. D., Barreto, L. B. M., Brito, C. J., Bianca Miarka, B., & Díaz-De-Durana, A. L. (2019). State-trait anxiety and reduced emotional intelligence in combat sport athletes of different genders and competitive levels. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 19(2), 363-368. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.s2054
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to desIgn and evaluate research In educatIon (8th ed.). New York: Mc Graw HIll.
Foelber, K. J., & Foelber, K. J. (2014). Towards Construct Validity: Investigating the Structure of the Mental Toughness in Sport Questionnaire (MTSQ-32). James Madison University.
Garland E. L. (2014). Effects of Mindfulness Oriented Recovery Enhancement on Reward Responsiveness and Opioidcue Reactivity. Psychopharmacology, 231(16), 3229–3238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3504-7
Gerber, M., Kalak, N., Lemola, S., Clough, P. J., Perry, J. L., Pühse, U., Elliot, C., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2013). Are Adolescents With High Mental Toughness Levels More Resilient Against Stress?. Stress and Health, 29(2), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2447
Gucciardi, D. F. (2017). Mental toughness: progress and prospects. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.010
Guillén, F., & Laborde, S. (2014). Higher-Order Structure of Mental Toughness and the Analysis of Latent Mean Differences Between Athletes from 34 Disciplines and Non-Athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 60, 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.019
Hendricks, S. P., & Turner Johnson, A. (2016). The Athlete-Student Dilemma: Exploring the Experiences of Specially Admitted Student–Athletes at a Division III University. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.18666/jasm-2016-v8-i4-7186
Kajbafnezhad, H., Ahadi, H., Heidarie, A. R., Askari, P., & Enayati, M. (2011). Difference Between Team And Individual Sports With Respect To Psychological Skills, Overall Emotional Intelligence And Athletic Success Motivation In Shiraz City Athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 11(3), 249–254.
Kassim, A. A. I. D. B. (2016). Athlete Perceptions Of Coaching Effectiveness And Athlete Level Outcomes In Team And Individual Sports: A Cross Cultural Investigation. Human Kinetics Juornal, 32(3), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2016-0159
Kristiansen, E. (2017). Walking The Line: How Young Athletes Balance Academic Studies And Sport In International Competition. Sport in Society, 20(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1124563
Kristjánsdóttira, H., Arna V., Geir, S., & Jose M. (2018). Psychological Skills, Mental Toughness And Anxiety In Elite Handball Players. Personality and Individual Differences, 134(1), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.011
Kroshus, E. (2016). Variability In Institutional Screening Practices Related To Collegiate Student-Athlete Mental Health. Journal of Athletic Training, 51(5), 389–397. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.5.07
Liew, G. C., Kuan, G., Chin, N. S., & Hashim, H. A. (2019). Mental Toughness In Sport: Systematic Review And Future. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 49(4), 381–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-019-00603-3
Lin, Y., Clough, P. J., Welch, J., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Individual Differences In Mental Toughness Associate With Academic Performance And Income. Personality and Individual Differences, 113, 178–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.039
Lopes Dos Santos, M., Uftring, M., Stahl, C. A., Lockie, R. G., Alvar, B., Mann, J. B., & Dawes, J. J. (2020). Stress in academic and athletic performance in collegiate athletes: A narrative review of sources and monitoring strategies. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2(May), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00042
Lõpez, R. L., Levy, J. J. (2013). Student Athletes perceived barriers to and preferences for seeking counseling. Journal of College Counseling, 16(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2013.00024.x
Martin, B. E., Harrison, C. K., Stone, J., & Lawrence, S. M. (2010). Athletic voices and academic victories: african american male student athlete experiences in the pac ten. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 34(2), 131–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723510366541
Merino-Fernández, M., Dal-Bello, F., Barreto, M. L., Brito, C. J., Miarka, B., & López-Díaz D. D. A. (2019). State trait anxiety and reduced emotional intelligence in combat sport athletes of different genders and competitive levels. Deposito Digital UFV. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.s2054
Newland, A., Newton, M., Finch, L., Harbke, C. R., & Podlog, L. (2013). Moderating Variables In The Relationship Between Mental Toughness And Performance In Basketball. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2(3), 184–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2012.09.002
Nixdorf, I., Frank, R., Hautzinger, M., & Beckmann, J. (2013). Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms and Correlating Variables Among German Elite Athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 7(4), 313–326. https://doi.org/doi:10.1123/jcsp.7.4.313
Patel, D. R., Omar, H., & Terry, M. (2010). Sport Related Performance Anxiety In Young Female Athletes. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 23(6), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2010.04.004
Philippe, R. A., Sagar, S. S., Huguet, S., Paquet, Y., & Jowett, S. (2011). From teacher to friend: The evolving nature of the coach athlete relationship. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 42(1), 1–23.
Pluhar, E., McCracken, C., Griffith, K. L., Christino, M. A., Sugimoto, D., & Meehan III, W. P. (2019). Team sport athletes may be less likely to suffer anxiety or depression than individual sport athletes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 18(3). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6683619/
Putukian, M. (2016). The psychological response to injury in student athletes: A narrative review with a focus on mental health. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(3), 145–148. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095586
Raalte, J. L. Van, Cornelius, A. E., Andrews, S., Diehl, N. S., & Brewer, B. W. (2015). Mental helath refeeal for student athletes: Web based education and training. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 9(3), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2015-0011
Roxas, A. S., & Ridinger, L. L. (2016). Relationships of coaching behaviors to student athlete well being. Higher Education Politics & Economics, 2(1), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.32674/hepe.v2i1.21
Samsudin, S., Rozali, M. Z., Ibrahim, B., & Hamdan, N. H. (2021). Level of mental toughness on academic achievement of student-athletes Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UHTM). Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government Vol, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.47750/cibg.2021.27.02.565
Schaal, K., Tafflet, M., Nassif, H., Thibault, V., Pichard, C., Alcotte, M., Guillet, T., El Helou, N., Berthelot, G., Simon, S., & Toussaint, J. F. (2011). Psychological Balance In High Level Athletes: Gender Based Differences And Sport Specific Patterns. PLoS ONE, 6(5), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019007
Schaefer, J., Vella, S. A., Allen, M. S., & Magee, C. A. (2016). Competition anxiety, motivation, and mental toughness in golf. Journal of applied sport psychology, 28(3), 309-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2016.1162219
Silva, F. M., Paulo, M. S., Valter, B. P., Olga, L. T., Ignacio, R. M., (2021). Which Are the Most Determinant Psychological Factors in Olympic Shooting Performance? A Self Perspective from Elite Shooters. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18(9), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094637
Stamatis, A., Grandjean, P., Morgan, G., Padgett, R. N., Cowden, R., & Koutakis, P. (2020). Developing and training mental toughness in sport: A systematic review and meta analysis of observational studies and pre-test and post test experiments. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 6(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000747
Stirling, A. E., & Kerr, G. A. (2013). The perceived effects of elite athletes’ experiences of emotional abuse in the coach-athlete relationship. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2013.752173
Stoll, S. K. (2012). The effects of athletic competition on character development in college student athletes. Journal of College and Character, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1515/jcc-2012-1939
Wagiran. (2015). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan: Teori dan Implementasi. Yogyakarta. Deepublish
Weinberg, R., Freysinger, V., & Mellano, K. (2018). How can coaches build mental toughness? Views from sport psychologists. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2016.1263981
Wilson, D. (2019). “The zipper effect”: Exploring The Interrelationship of Mental Toughness and Self-Compassion Among Canadian Elite Women Athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40, 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.09.006
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium. Copyrights of all materials published in Journal Sport Area are freely available without charge to users or / institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, search, or link to full-text articles in this journal without asking by giving appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. All of the remix, transform, or build upon the material must distribute the contributions under the same license as the original.
Accepted 2022-11-10
Published 2022-12-11
