The identity politics in Indonesian football during the colonial period
Keywords:
Social stratification, postcolonial, discrimination, third space, hybridityAbstract
This research objective is to examine social stratification in the football sector in Indonesia during the colonial period. Social stratification is the beginning of the occurrence of discriminatory treatment differences. This research applies a qualitative research method with a literature study approach. The data sources in this research are obtained from journal articles, books, and mass media relevant to social stratification in the football sector during the colonial period. The selection of information sources used internal and external criticism to sort out the information collected through document study techniques. The data collected is then processed using interactive data analysis techniques to obtain answers to research problems. The research results show that social stratification took place individually and communally. Local football players are in the lowest position, as are football clubs and football federations formed by local communities. The system established by the colonial government placed European and Chinese football players into a higher layer than local players. This distinction triggered discriminatory treatment against local players to reduce the opportunity for football players and clubs to access the field and competitions organized by the federation formed by the Dutch colonial government. This condition, on the one hand, shows the process of imitating the local community towards sports brought by the colonizers. On the other hand, the imitation also contains resistance to discriminatory treatment as well as colonial practices. Changes in such discriminatory conditions are needed so that similar practices do not occur in other life aspects.
Downloads
References
Aji, R. N. B. (2010). Tionghoa Surabaya dalam Sepakbola. Ombak.
Aji, R. N. B. (2013). Nasionalisme dalam Sepak Bola Indonesia Tahun 1950-1965 Sisi Sosial dan Politik Sepak Bola. Lembaran Sejarah, 10(2), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.954387
Anshari, F. (2019). Racism and Discrimination on Indonesian Sport. International Graduate Student and Scholars Conference in Indonesia.
Anwar, S. (2021). Militer, PSSI, dan Sepak Bola Indonesia 1975-2003. Pustaka Indis.
Ariyanto, K. (2014). Analyzing the Conflict between Football Organizations in Indonesia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 115, 430–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.450
Bhabha, H. K. (1994). The Location of Culture. Routledge.
Bradley, J. M. (2021). British colonialism, Ireland and the ‘old firm’: postcolonial identities and contemporary Scottish football and society. Postcolonial Studies, 0(0), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2021.1932255
Brawley, S. (2012). Second rate Java Jaunters: Soccer football, the imaginary grandstand, cultural diplomacy and Australia’s Asian context. Sport in Society, 15(4), 504–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2012.672235
Brown, C. (2006). Playing the Game: Ethnicity and Politics in Indonesian. Indonesia, 81(81), 71–93.
Brown, C. (2008). Sport, modernity and nation building: The Indonesian National Games of 1951 and 1953. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, 4, 431–449. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003650
Byron, K., & Chepyator-Thomson, J. R. (2015). Sports policy in Kenya: deconstruction of colonial and post-colonial conditions. International Journal of Sport Policy, 7(2), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2015.1023823
Cho, Y. (2013). Introduction: Football in Asia. Soccer & Society, 14(5), 579–587. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.792478
Coakley, J. (2017). Sports in Society: Issues and Controversies. McGraw-Hill Education.
Colombijn, F. (1999). View from the Periphery: Football in Indonesia. In G. Armstrong & R. Giulianotti (Ed.), Football Cultures and Identities (hal. 126–138). Macmillan Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Colombijn, F. (2000). The Politics of Indonesian Football. Archipel, 59, 171–200.
Denison, E., Bevan, N., & Jeanes, R. (2021). Reviewing Evidence of LGBTQ+ Discrimination and Exclusion in Sport. Sport Management Review, 24(3), 389–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2020.09.003
Dorsey, J. M., & Sebastian, L. C. (2013). The politics of Indonesian and Turkish soccer: a comparative analysis. Soccer & Society, 14(5), 615–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.792482
Elison, E. (2014). Soeratin Sosrosoegondo: Menentang Penjajahan Belanda dengan Sepak Bola Kebangsaan. Ombak.
Fair, L. (1997). Kickin’ it: leisure, politics and football in colonial Zanzibar, 1900s–1950s. International African Institute, 67(2), 224–251. https://doi.org/10.2307/1161443
Fuller, A. (2016). Approaching football in Indonesia. Soccer & Society, 16(1), 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.954387
Fuller, A., & Junaedi, F. (2018). Ultras in Indonesia: conflict, diversification, activism. Sport in Society, 21(6), 919–931. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2017.1300392
Hadi, A. (2017). “Bobotoh Persib” dan Konstruksi Identitas di Era Digital. Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya, 19(1), 131–152.
Hakim, M. L., Yuliati, D., & Rinaldi, H. (2017). Aremania: Suatu Bentuk Identitas Pemersatu Kaum Muda Kota Malang Tahun 1992-2000. Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya Budaya, 19(1), 119–130.
Hanafie, N. K. (2018). The Principle of Dispute Resolution Contract of Professional Football Player in Indonesia. 1st International Conference on Social Sciences, 226(1), 1165–1170. https://doi.org/10.2991/icss-18.2018.245
Harjo, I. W. W. (2019). Perebutan Pengaruh Antara Negara, Pasar, dan Masyarakat Sipil dalam Kasus Pelarangan Konvoi Aremania. Jurnal Sosiologi Nusantara, 5(1), 43–64.
Harjo, I. W. W. (2020). Konsolidasi Demokrasi Melalui Liga Santri Nusantara. Muqoddima: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Riset Sosiologi, 1(2), 181–196. https://doi.org/10.47776/MJPRS.001.02.06
Hatami, R. F. (2019). Perjanjian Kerja Antara Pemain Sepak Bola dan Klub Sepak Bola Indonesia Dengan Lex Sportiva dan Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan. Jurnal Wawasan Yuridika, 3(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.25072/jwy.v3i1.218
Kartodirdjo, S. (1997). Metode Penggunaan Bahan Dokumen. In Koentjaraningrat (Ed.), Metode-Metode Penelitian Masyarakat (3 ed.). Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Kavoura, A., & Kokkonen, M. (2021). What do we know about the sporting experiences of gender and sexual minority athletes and coaches? A scoping review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2020.1723123
Khaitan, T. (2018). Indirect Discrimination. In K. Lippert-Rasmussen (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of the Ethics of Discrimination. Routledge.
Lombard, D. (2008). Nusa Jawa: Silang Budaya (Batas-Batas Pembaratan). Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Lubis, A. Y. (2016). Pemikiran Kritis Kontemporer: Dari Teori Kritis, Cultural Studies, Feminisme, Postkolonial, hingga Multikulturalisme. Rajawali Press.
Ma’mun, A. (2019). Governmental Roles in Indonesian Sport Policy: From Past to Present. International Journal of the History of Sport, 36(4–5), 388–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2019.1618837
Novak, A. (2012). Sport and Racial Discrimination in Colonial Zimbabwe: A Reanalysis. International Journal of the History of Sport, 29(6), 850–867. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2011.642550
Ohenjo, N., Willis, R., Jackson, D., Nettleton, C., Good, K., & Mugarura, B. (2006). Health of Indigenous people in Africa. The Lancet, 367(9526), 1937–1946. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68849-1
Palupi, S. A. (2000). Sepakbola di Jawa, 1920-1942. Lembaran Sejarah. Universitas Gajah Mada.
Palupi, S. A. (2004). Politik & Sepakbola di Jawa, 1920-1942. Ombak.
Pandjaitan, H. I. (2013). Kedaulatan Negara Versus Kedaulatan FIFA. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Persatuan Sepakbola Seluruh Indonesia. (2012). PSSI | Football Association of Indonesia - Sejarah PSSI. pssiorg. http://pssi.org/in/read/pssi/Sejarah-PSSI-5773
Ponder, H. W. (1988). Java Pageant: Impressions from the 1930s. Oxford University Press.
Putra, A. M. (2011). Sepak Bola Indonesia dalam Bingkai Pemberitaan Media. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 9(3), 312–323.
Reid, P., Cormack, D., & Paine, S. (2019). Colonial histories, racism and health-The experience of Maori and Indigenous peoples. Public Health, 172, 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.03.027
Simien, E. M., Arinze, N., & McGarry, J. (2019). A Portrait of Marginality in Sport and Education: Toward a Theory of Intersectionality and Raced-Gendered Experiences for Black Female College Athletes. Journal of Women, Politics and Policy, 40(3), 409–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2019.1614865
Sindhunata. (2004). Kata Pengantar. In Politik dan Sepakbola. Ombak.
Sutton, A. (2018). Sepak Bola: The Indonesian Way of Life. Kawos Publishing.
Tanasaldy, T., & Palmer, C. (2019). Discrimination, sport and nation building among Indonesian Chinese in the 1950s. Indonesia and the Malay World, 47(137), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2019.1559564
Torraco, R. J. (2005). Writing Integrative Literature Reviews: Guidelines and Examples. Human Resource Development Review, 4(3), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484305278283
Torraco, R. J. (2016). Writing Integrative Literature Reviews: Using the Past and Present to Explore the Future. Human Resource Development Review, 15(4), 404–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484316671606
Wernicke, L. (2019). Mengapa Sebelas Lawan Sebelas. Marjin Kiri.
Wertheim, W. F. (1955). Changes in Indonesia’s Social Stratification. Pacific Affairs, 28(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.2307/2753710
Wirawan, O. A. (2016). Imagined Persebaya. Litera.
Yasmine, D. I. (2012). Hubungan Sosial Antar Kelompok Etnik. In P. Wirutomo (Ed.), Sistem Sosial Indonesia. Universitas Indonesia-Press.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium. Copyrights of all materials published in Journal Sport Area are freely available without charge to users or / institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, search, or link to full-text articles in this journal without asking by giving appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. All of the remix, transform, or build upon the material must distribute the contributions under the same license as the original.
Accepted 2022-08-10
Published 2022-08-23