Improvement of Early Recognition of Attacks in Karate Kumite Due to Training in Virtual Reality
Keywords:
VR Training, Classification of Movement Stages, Perception, Anticipation, Head Mounted DisplayAbstract
In a Virtual Reality training, young karate athletes divided in two groups (intervention vs. control group) responded to attacks of a virtual opponent. For the analysis, the first reaction of the responding karate athletes was detected. From that point three reaction times were subtracted to analyze the attack of the virtual opponent at the time of the recognition of the real athlete. The attacks were divided into four movement stages. Analysis of Variance (ANOVAs) with repeated measures and estimation of effect sizes as well as Bonferroni post-hoc tests were applied to calculate interactions between time (PRE to POST), group (intervention vs. control) and reaction time (150 ms vs. 255 ms vs. 370 ms). We found significant effects for time and time x group interactions for the attacks Gyaku-Zuki and Kizami-Zuki as well as an effect for time x reaction time in Gyaku-Zuki (all p < 0.001), but no significant effects for time x group x reaction time in both attacks (p > 0.05). Paired t-tests showed significant improvements in attack recognition from PRE to POST for the intervention group, but not for the control group. At the pretest all athletes responded to late movement stages (extension of the pushing arm) while the intervention group responded to early movement stages (preparing steps and reduction of distance before the attack) at the posttest due to the Virtual Reality training. Early steps for the preparation of the attack and the reduction of distance seem to be important signals for attack recognition.
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References
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Rebenitsch, L. & Owen, C. (2016). Review on cybersickness in applications and visual displays. Virtual Reality, 20: 101-125. DOI: 10.1007/s10055-016-0285-9
Renner, R.S., Velichkovsky, B.M. & Helmert, J.R. (2013). The perception of egocentric distances in Virtual Environments a Review. ACM Computing Surveys, 42 (2), Article No. 23. DOI: 10.1145/2543581.2543590.
Smeeton, N.J. & Huys, R. (2011). Anticipation of tennis-shot direction from whole-body movement: the role of movement amplitude and dynamics. Human Movement Science, 30, 957-965. DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2010.07.012.
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Varlet, M., Filippeschi, A., Ben-sadun, G., Ratto, M., Marin, L., Ruffaldi, E. & Bardy, B.G. (2013). Virtual Reality as a Tool to Learn Interpersonal Coordination: Example of Team Rowing. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 22 (3), 202-215. DOI: 10.1162/PRES_a_00151.
Vignais, N., Bideau, B., Craig, C., Brault, S., Multon, F., Delamarche, P. & Kulpa, R. (2009). Does the level of graphical detail of a virtual handball thrower influence goalkeeper’s motor response? Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 8, 501-508.
Vignais, N., Kulpa, R., Brault, S., Presse, D. & Bideau, B. (2015). Which technology to investigate visual perception in sport: video vs. virtual reality. Human Movement Science, 39, 12-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.10.006.
Von, O. E. (1984). Aufnahme und Verarbeitung bewegungsinitiierender Information für situations-und zeitgerechtes Verhalten-Angriff und Konter im Karate [Perception and Processing of movement initiating information for adequate reaction-attack and counterattack in karate]. Bremen: University Erfurt, Germany.
Zaciorskij, V. M. (1971). Theorie und Praxis der Körperkultur-Die körperlichen Eigenschaften des Sportlers [Theory and praxis of body culture-physical characteristics of athletes]. Sportverlag, 2, 1-119.
Craig, C. (2013). Understanding perception and action in sport: how can virtual reality technology help? Sports Technology, 6 (4), 161-169. DOI: 10.1080/19346182.2013.855224.
Dicks, M., Button, C. & Davids, K.-W. (2010). Availability of advance visual information constrains association-football goalkeeping performance during penalty kicks. Perception, 39 (8), 1111‐1124.
Düking, P., Holmberg, H.-C. & Sperlich, B. (2018). The potential usefulness of virtual reality systems for athletes: a short SWOT analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 9: 128. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00128.
Farrow, D., & Raab, M. (2008). A recipe for expert decision making. In D. Farrow, J. Baker, & C. MacMahon (Eds.), Developing Sport Expertise: Researchers and coaches put theory into practice. (pp. 137-154). London, New York: Routledge.
Gardner, M.P., Mitchell, A.A. & Russo, J.E. (1978). Chronometric Analysis: An introduction and an application to low involvement perception of advertisements. Advances in Consumer Research, 5, 581-589.
Gray, R. (2017). Transfer of training from virtual to real baseball batting. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2183, 1-10. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02183.
Güldenpenning, I., Kunde, W. & Weigelt, M. (2017). How to trick your opponent: a review article on deceptive actions in interactive sports. Frontiers in Psychology, 8:917. DOI: 10.3389/fpyg.2017.00917.
Hartnagel, D., Taffou, M. & Sandor, P.M.B. (2017). Effects of short exposure to a simulation in a head-mounted device and the individual difference issue. In: C. Stephanidis (ed.) HCI International 2017, Part II, CCIS 714, 9-16. Springer International Publishing. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58753-0_2.
Hristovski, R., Davids, K., Araújo, D., & Button, C. (2006). How boxers decide to punch a target: emergent behaviour in nonlinear dynamical movement systems. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 5 (CSSI), 60-73.
Ida, H. (2015). Visuomotor behavior in computer-simulated display. In: T. Heinen (ed). Advances in Visual Perception Research, 233-367. ISBN: 978-1-63482-455-2.
Jackson, R.C. & Mogan, P. (2007). Advance Visual Information, Awareness, and Anticipation Skill. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39 (5), 341–351.
Lin, C.J. & Woldegeorgis, B.H. (2015). Interaction and visual performance in stereoscopic displays: a review. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 23, 319-332. DOI: 10.10002/jsid.378.
Loffing, F. & Hagemann, N. (2014). Skill differences in visual anticipation of type of throw in team-handball penalties. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15, 260-267.
Milazzo, N., Farrow, D. & Fournier, J. F. (2016). Effect of implicit perceptual-motor training on decision-making skills and underpinning gaze behavior in combat athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 123 (1), 300-323. DOI: 10.1177/0031512516656816.
Miles, H.C., Pop, S.R., Watt, S.J., Lawrence, G.P. & John, N.W. (2012). A review of virtual environments for training in ball sports. Computer & Graphics, 36, 714-726.
Mori, S. & Shimada (T. (2013). Expert anticipation from deceptive action. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 75, 751–770.
Müller, S. & Abernethy, B. (2012). Expert Anticipatory Skill in Striking Sports: A Review and a Model. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sports. Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 83 (2), 175-187.
Müller, S., Gurisik, Y., Hecimovich, M., Harbaugh, A.G. & Vallence, A.-M. (2017). In-dividual differences in short-term anticipation training for high-speed interceptive skill. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 5, 160-176.
Okumura, M., Kijima, A., Kadota, K., Yokoyama, K., Suzuki, H., & Yamamoto, Y. (2012). A critical interpersonal distance switches between two coordination modes in kendo matches. PloS ONE, 7 (12): e51877.
Okumura, M., Kijima, A., & Yamamoto, Y. (2017). Perception of affordances for strik-ing regulates interpersonal distance maneuvers of intermediate and expert players in kendo matches. Ecological Psychology, 29 (1), 1-22. DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2017.1270147.
Petri, K., Bandow, N. & Witte, K. (2018). Using several types of virtual characters in sports - a literature survey. International Journal of Computer Science in Sport, 17 (1), 1-48. DOI: 10.2478/ijcss-2018-0001.
Petri, K., Bandow, N., Binder, J., Droste, M. & Witte, K. (2018a). Antizipation im Karate-Kumite [Anticipation in karate kumite]. In: I.Fichtner (Ed.), Technologien im Leistungssport 3: Schriftenreihe für Angewandte Trainingswissenschaft, 13, pp.74-88. Aachen: Meyer und Meyer.
Petri, K., Emmermacher, P., Danneberg, M., Masik, S., Eckardt, F., Weichelt, S., Bandow, N. & Witte, K. (2019). Training using virtual reality improves response behav-ior in karate kumite. Sports Engineering, 22:2. DOI: 10.1007/s12283-019-0299-0.
Petri, K., Lichtenstein, M., Bandow, N., Campe, S., Wechselberger, M., Sprenger, D., Kaczmarek, F., Emmermacher, P. & Witte, K. (2016). Analysis of Anticipation by 3D motion capturing – a new method presented in karate kumite. Journal of Sport Science, 35 (2): 130-135. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1158851.
Petri, K., Ohl, C.-D., Danneberg, M., Emmermacher, P., Masik, S. & Witte, K. (2018b). Towards the usage of virtual reality for training in sports. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 7 (1), 1-3. DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.07.001453
Petri, K., Witte, K., Bandow, N., Emmermacher, P., Masik, S., Danneberg, M., Salb, S., Zhang, L.& Brunnett, G. (2017). Development of an autonomous character in karate kumite. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Computer Science in Sport (IACSS 2017), Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 663. Springer International Publishing. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67846-1_13.
Rauter, G., Sigrist, R., Koch, C., Crivelli, F., vaan Raai, M., Reiner, R. et al. (2013). Transfer of complex skill learning from virtual to real rowing. PLoS ONE, 8: e82145. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082145
Rebenitsch, L. & Owen, C. (2016). Review on cybersickness in applications and visual displays. Virtual Reality, 20: 101-125. DOI: 10.1007/s10055-016-0285-9
Renner, R.S., Velichkovsky, B.M. & Helmert, J.R. (2013). The perception of egocentric distances in Virtual Environments a Review. ACM Computing Surveys, 42 (2), Article No. 23. DOI: 10.1145/2543581.2543590.
Smeeton, N.J. & Huys, R. (2011). Anticipation of tennis-shot direction from whole-body movement: the role of movement amplitude and dynamics. Human Movement Science, 30, 957-965. DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2010.07.012.
Tirp, J., Steingrover, C., Wattie, N., Baker, J. & Schorer, J. (2015). Virtual realities as optimal learning environment in sport-A transfer study of virtual and real dart throwing. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 57, 57-69.
Varlet, M., Filippeschi, A., Ben-sadun, G., Ratto, M., Marin, L., Ruffaldi, E. & Bardy, B.G. (2013). Virtual Reality as a Tool to Learn Interpersonal Coordination: Example of Team Rowing. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 22 (3), 202-215. DOI: 10.1162/PRES_a_00151.
Vignais, N., Bideau, B., Craig, C., Brault, S., Multon, F., Delamarche, P. & Kulpa, R. (2009). Does the level of graphical detail of a virtual handball thrower influence goalkeeper’s motor response? Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 8, 501-508.
Vignais, N., Kulpa, R., Brault, S., Presse, D. & Bideau, B. (2015). Which technology to investigate visual perception in sport: video vs. virtual reality. Human Movement Science, 39, 12-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.10.006.
Von, O. E. (1984). Aufnahme und Verarbeitung bewegungsinitiierender Information für situations-und zeitgerechtes Verhalten-Angriff und Konter im Karate [Perception and Processing of movement initiating information for adequate reaction-attack and counterattack in karate]. Bremen: University Erfurt, Germany.
Zaciorskij, V. M. (1971). Theorie und Praxis der Körperkultur-Die körperlichen Eigenschaften des Sportlers [Theory and praxis of body culture-physical characteristics of athletes]. Sportverlag, 2, 1-119.
Published
2019-11-10
How to Cite
Petri, K., Bandow, N., Masik, S., & Witte, K. (2019). Improvement of Early Recognition of Attacks in Karate Kumite Due to Training in Virtual Reality. Journal Sport Area, 4(2), 294–308. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2019.vol4(2).3370
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Section
RESEARCH ARTICLES
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Received 2019-07-08
Accepted 2019-09-19
Published 2019-11-10
Accepted 2019-09-19
Published 2019-11-10
