Development and preliminary validation of an electronic reaction training device for assessing Dwi Chagi reaction time and kick accuracy
English
Keywords:
Dwi chagi, electronic reaction device, reaction time, sports technology, taekwondoAbstract
Background: Successful execution of the Dwi Chagi kick requires rapid reaction time and precise kick placement. Although various training interventions have been developed to improve kicking performance, objective assessment during routine training remains limited because evaluations are still largely based on conventional coach observation. Objectives: This study aims to develop and evaluate an electronic reaction training device for objectively assessing reaction time and Dwi Chagi kick accuracy in junior taekwondo athletes. Methods: This study employed a modified three-stage Research and Development model consisting of the Define, Design, and Develop phases. The device was designed, prototyped, and evaluated through expert validation involving three nationally certified taekwondo coaches and three sports instrumentation experts. Content validity was assessed using Aiken’s V coefficient, whereas operational performance was evaluated through field testing involving 16 junior taekwondo athletes. Measurement reliability was examined using inter-rater and test–retest Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). Results: The developed device demonstrated excellent content validity (Aiken’s V = 0.889) and good-to-excellent measurement reliability (ICC = 0.86-0.91). Field evaluation demonstrated that the system successfully generated randomised visual stimuli, objectively recorded reaction time, and automatically assessed Dwi Chagi kick accuracy, achieving successful detection rates of 82.0% for left-leg kicks and 88.0% for right-leg kicks. Conclusion: The proposed electronic reaction training device demonstrated satisfactory content validity, operational feasibility, and measurement reliability, indicating its potential as a practical tool for objective reaction-time and kick-accuracy assessment during taekwondo training. However, further criterion validation against established reference systems is required before widespread implementation.
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Author Biographies
Fahmy Fachrezzy, Department of Sport Coaching, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
Uzizatun Maslikah, Department of Sport Coaching, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
Dadan Resmana, Department of Sport Coaching, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
Sendy Mohamad Anugrah, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Banten, Indonesia
Rizky Nurulfa, Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Sports, Rīga Stradiņš University, Rīga, Latvia
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Accepted 2026-07-05
Published 2026-08-24
