Development and preliminary evaluation of a real-time sensor-based coaching model for fencing performance
Keywords:
Fencing coaching, performance analysis, real-time feedback, evidence-based coaching, sports technologyAbstract
Background: Fencing requires rapid movement execution, precise technical performance, and timely corrective feedback. Conventional coaching practices often rely on subjective observation and delayed performance evaluation. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and preliminarily evaluate a sensor-based fencing coaching model integrating real-time performance feedback into training. Methods: A research and development design based on a modified Borg and Gall model was employed, comprising needs analysis, model design, expert validation, limited testing, revision, and extensive field testing. Five nationally licensed fencing coaches participated in expert validation, while 10 athletes participated in the limited trial and 30 athletes in the extensive trial. Performance was assessed using motion sensors and technical performance measures. Pre–post changes were examined using paired-samples t-tests and Cohen’s d. Results: The extensive trial showed significant pre–post improvements in attack execution time, punch accuracy, reaction time, and footwork efficiency (p < .05), with large effect sizes (Cohen’s d = 0.85–1.02). Athletes and coaches also reported high perceived usability and satisfaction with the model. Conclusion: The findings provide preliminary evidence that integrating real-time sensor-based feedback into fencing training may improve selected technical performance indicators and enhance the perceived usefulness of training. However, controlled and longer-term studies are needed to determine the causal effectiveness and generalizability of the model.
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Author Biographies
Agus Supriyoko, Department of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tunas Pembangunan Surakarta (UTP), Surakarta, Indonesia
Teguh Andibowo, Department of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tunas Pembangunan Surakarta (UTP), Surakarta, Indonesia
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Accepted 2026-08-02
Published 2026-08-31
