Paralympic athletes’ perspective of doping self-regulatory efficacy in Nigeria
Keywords:
Doping, efficacy, paralympic athletes, likelihood, self-regulatoryAbstract
Background Problems: With the high demands of sports and the crave for success despite diminishing strength with ageing in the presence of disability, athletes are tempted to contravene the ADRV. Research Objectives: The study aimed to study paralympic athletes’ perspective of doping self-regulatory efficacy in Nigeria. Methods: Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. A 13-item validated questionnaire (α= .74) was employed to collect data for the study. One-hundred and twenty-four male (81) and female (43) elite para-athletes (mean= 23.15 years, ±3.65) voluntarily participated in the study. ANOVA, PPMC, and Cramer’s V Chi-Square Coefficient Contingency were used to determine the relationship and difference across age, gender and sport type and the extent of the para-athletes’ likelihood to dope and confidence to avoid banned substances, respectively. Findings and Results: It indicated a significant effect of age on likelihood to dope at the p < 0.05 for all conditions (F (1, 123) = 45.84, p = 0.000). Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. Findings indicated no significance across gender (0.091, p > 0.05), sport (0.280, p > 0.05), and age (0.263, p > 0.05) on the likelihood to dope. Although, significant among older (0.022), female (0.024) para-athletes. Cramer’s V indicated a strong association when drugs would give immediate fitness (ɸ = 0.217), (ɸ = 0.243), and (ɸ = 0.263) across age, gender, and sport type respectively. Conclusion: It is concluded among others that the para-athletes showed high self-efficacy and low likelihood to dope even in the presence of stressors. However, the ever-pressing need for the athlete’s body longing need for nutrition, oxygen, rest and staying in shape and top form for competing increased the possibility to use a banned drugs for your injury recovery among some older athletes. Psychological interventions are suggested combat the likelihood to dope given the experience levels or psychological dispositions of athletes.
Downloads
Author Biographies
Olufemi A Adegbesan, Department of Human Kinetics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
Email: dokitafemi@yahoo.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5617-3136
Titilola S Akingbola, Department of Haematology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
Email: titiakingbola@yahoo.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3100-179X
Ade F Adeniyi, Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
Email: adeniyifatai@yahoo.co.uk
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9083-0539
John O Ayorinde, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
Email: shogo205@yahoo.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-7795
Oluwatoyin M Jaiyeoba, Department of Human Kinetics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
Email: oyizajaiye@yahoo.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7593-0008
Victor B Olowoleni, Department of Human Kinetics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
Email: victorolowoleni@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5915-9866
References
Adegbesan, O. A., Olowoleni, V. B., Abu, S., & Ayodele, K. B. (2019). Influence of Increased Workload and Jobloss on Burnout among Elite Athletes in Oyo State Nigeria. Global Journal of Health Related Researches, 1(1), 61–69.
Adegbesan, O. A., Olowoleni, V. B., Akingbola, T. S., Ayorinde, J. O., & Adeniyi, A. F. (2023). Nigerian Athletes’ Perspective: Urine Doping Controls. International Journal of Health Sciences, 7(S1), 2476–2492. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v7nS1.14506
Backhouse, S. H., Griffiths, C., & McKenna, J. (2018). Tackling Doping in Sport: A Call to Take Action on the Dopogenic Environment. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(23), 1485–1486. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097169
Blank, C., Flatscher-Thöni, M., Gatterer, K., Happ, E., Schobersberger, W., & Stühlinger, V. (2021). Doping Sanctions in Sport: Knowledge and Perception of (Legal) Consequences of Doping—An Explorative Study in Austria. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(12), 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14120603
Boardley, I. D. (2018). Coaching Efficacy Research: Learning from the Past and Looking to the Future. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 214–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1290816
Chan, D. K. C., Lentillon-Kaestner, V., Dimmock, J. A., Donovan, R. J., Keatley, D. A., Hardcastle, S. J., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). Self-Control Self-Regulation, and Doping in Sport: A Test of the Strength-Energy Model. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(2), 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0250
Clancy, S., Borotkanics, R., Millar, S.-K., & Oldham, A. R. H. (2023). A Quantitative Analysis of Factors Which Influence Supplement use and Dopingamong Adolescent Athletes in New Zealand. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5, 1069523. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1069523
de Vlieger, M. A. (2017). Several Reflections on Integrity in Sports. Tijdschrift Voor Sport & Recht, 1, 1–10.
Hutchinson, B., Moston, S., & Engelberg, T. (2018). Social Validation: A Motivational Theory of Doping in an Online Bodybuilding Community. Sport in Society, 21(2), 260–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1096245
Juma, B. O., Woolf, J., & Bloodworth, A. (2022). The Challenges of Anti-Doping Education Implementation in Kenya: Perspectives from Athletes and Anti-Doping Educators. Performance Enhancement & Health, 10(3), 100228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2022.100228
Kabiri, S., Shadmanfaat, S. M. (Shamila), Howell, C. J., Donner, C., & Cochran, J. K. (2022). Performance-Enhancing Drug Use Among Professional Athletes: A Longitudinal Test of Social Learning Theory. Crime & Delinquency, 68(5), 867–891. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128719901111
Karl, J. A., Fischer, R., Druică, E., Musso, F., & Stan, A. (2022). Testing the Effectiveness of the Health Belief Model in Predicting Preventive Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Romania and Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 627575. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627575
Koc, M., & Turkcapar, U. (2014). Analyzing the Attitudes of Elite Wrestlers Related to the use of Doping. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 16(1), 128–128. https://doi.org/10.15314/TJSE.201416173
Mallia, L., Lazuras, L., Barkoukis, V., Brand, R., Baumgarten, F., Tsorbatzoudis, H., Zelli, A., & Lucidi, F. (2016). Doping use in Sport Teams: The Development and Validation of Measures of Team-Based Efficacy Beliefs and Moral Disengagement from a Cross-National Perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 25, 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.04.005
Mazanov, J., Backhouse, S., Connor, J., Hemphill, D., & Quirk, F. (2014). Athlete Support Personnel and Anti‐Doping: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Ethical Stance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(5), 846–856. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12084
Muwonge, H., Zavuga, R., & Kabenge, P. A. (2015). Doping Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Ugandan Athletes’: A Cross-Sectional Study. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 10(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-015-0033-2
Ntoumanis, N., Barkoukis, V., Gucciardi, D. F., & Chan, D. K. C. (2017). Linking Coach Interpersonal Style With Athlete Doping Intentions and Doping Use: A Prospective Study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 39(3), 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2016-0243
Ntoumanis, N., Ng, J. Y. Y., Barkoukis, V., & Backhouse, S. (2014). Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 44(11), 1603–1624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0240-4
Overbye, M. (2016). Doping Control in Sport: An Investigation of How Elite Athletes Perceive and Trust the Functioning of the Doping Testing System in Their Sport. Sport Management Review, 19(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.10.002
Patterson, L. B., & Backhouse, S. H. (2018). “An Important Cog in the Wheel”, but not the Driver: Coaches’ Perceptions of Their Role in Doping Prevention. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 37, 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.05.004
Pavlovic, D., Patera, A. C., Nyberg, F., Gerber, M., Liu, M., & Progressive Multifocal Leukeoncephalopathy Consortium. (2015). Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: Current Treatment Options and Future Perspectives. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, 8(6), 255–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756285615602832
Potrac, P., Gilbert, W., & Denison, J. (Eds.). (2013). Routledge Handbook of Sports Coaching (0 ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203132623
Psouni, S., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2015). Attitudes and Intentions of Greek Athletes and Coaches Regarding Doping. Health, 07(09), 1224–1233. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2015.79137
Ring, C., & Kavussanu, M. (2017). The Role of Self-Regulatory Efficacy, Moral Disengagement and Guilt on Doping Likelihood: A Social Cognitive Theory Perspective. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36, 578–584. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1324206
Ruwuya, J., Juma, B. O., & Woolf, J. (2022). Challenges Associated with Implementing Anti-Doping Policy and Programs in Africa. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, 966559. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.966559
Shaw, A. G. A. (2019). The 2012 and 2014 Olympic Doping Scandals: A Critical Analysis of the Effectiveness of Anti-Doping Mechanisms in Sports Law and the Necessity of Global Unity and Rehabilitation in Enforcing Anti-Doping Measures. Beijing Law Review, 10(04), 671–681. https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2019.104038
Šukys, S. (2018). Athletes’ Justification of Cheating in Sport: Relationship with Moral Disengagement in Sport and Personal Factors. Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 3(90). 70-77 https://doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v3i90.171
Sullivan, P. J., Feltz, D. L., LaForge-MacKenzie, K., & Hwang, S. (2015). The Preliminary Development and Validation of the Doping Confrontation Efficacy Scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.04.011
Sullivan, P., & Razavi, P. (2017). Are Athletes’ Doping-Related Attitudes Predicted by Their Perceptions of Coaches’ Confrontation Efficacy? Substance Use & Misuse, 52(8), 1098–1103. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2016.1272613
Taware, G. B., & Bansode, D. G. (2015). Doping in Sports. National Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 6(2), 69–92.
Tsivitanidou, O., Christodoulides, E., & Petrou, M. (2023). High-School Athletes’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions on Doping: The Cyprus Sport-School Study. Youth, 3(2), 596–622. https://doi.org/10.3390/youth3020040
Vakhitova, Z., & Bell, P. (2018). A Script Analysis of the Role of Athletes’ Support Networks as Social Facilitators in Doping Sport. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 20, 168–188. https://doi.org/doi:10.1057/s41300-018-0045-8
WADA. (2015a). 2015 Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRVs) Report (p. 7). World Anti-Doping Agency. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2015_adrvs_report_web_release_0.pdf
WADA. (2015b). Social Science Research Package For Anti-Doping Organizations. World Anti-Doping Agency. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_social_science_research_package_ado.pdf
WADA. (2021). World Anti-Doping Code. World Anti-Doping Agency. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/the-code/world-anti-dopingcode
Weber, K., Patterson, L. B., & Blank, C. (2022a). An Exploration of Doping-Related Perceptions and Knowledge of Disabled Elite Athletes in the UK and Austria. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 58, 102061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102061
Weber, K., Patterson, L. B., & Blank, C. (2022b). Doping in disabled elite sport: Perceptions, knowledge and opinions from the perspective of German and UK coaches. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 62, 102233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102233
Westmattelmann, D., Dreiskämper, D., Strauß, B., Schewe, G., & Plass, J. (2018). Perception of the Current Anti-doping Regime – A Quantitative Study Among German Top-Level Cyclists and Track. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1890. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01890
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 Olufemi A Adegbesan, Titilola S Akingbola, Ade F Adeniyi, John O Ayorinde, Oluwatoyin M Jaiyeoba, Victor B Olowoleni
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium. Copyrights of all materials published in Journal Sport Area are freely available without charge to users or / institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, search, or link to full-text articles in this journal without asking by giving appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. All of the remix, transform, or build upon the material must distribute the contributions under the same license as the original.
Accepted 2024-01-10
Published 2024-02-13
