Uncovering the dynamic relationship between intrinsic motivation and basic softball skills: An exploratory analysis
Keywords:
Intrinsic motivation, softball skills, physical educationAbstract
Physical education (PE) is a pivotal domain, offering students valuable opportunities for excelling in multiple sports performances when harmonized with contemporary curricula that emphasize cognitive engagement through intrinsic motivation. This blend has the potential to enhance not only softball skills but also performance across various sports. This study investigated the relationship between intrinsic motivation (interest, enjoyment, and personal challenge) and fundamental softball performance skills among 30 active students (F = 15; M = 15) enrolled in the Indonesian University of Education’s physical education program. It employed an ex post facto research design and quantitative method, utilizing the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) (0.779 > 0.05) and O’Donnell Softball Test (0.701 > 0.05), both instruments demonstrated good reliability and validity. Results from data analysis in IBM SPSS 25.0, reveal that interest and enjoyment moderately correlate but lack of significant impact softball skills. However, personal challenge shows a strong positive correlation with interest and enjoyment. Although personal challenge does not directly influence softball skills, it plays a crucial role in fostering interest and enjoyment in sports. Understanding intrinsic motivation's impact on skill development can inform effective teaching methods and encourage greater engagement in physical activities for improved overall well-being. This research provides insights for educators and coaches to design learning experiences that incorporate challenges and promote intrinsic motivation, enhancing students’ engagement and skill development in physical education activities. Future research could explore intrinsic motivation's impact on softball skills across diverse skill levels, considering factors like the learning environment, individual differences, and coaching styles for optimized skill development.
Downloads
Author Biographies
Charisma Azizah Ibrahim, Department of Physical Education, Health, and Recreation, Faculty of Sport and Health Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
Email: charismaazizizah@gmail.com
Mudjihartono, Department of Physical Education, Health, and Recreation, Faculty of Sport and Health Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
Email: mudjihartono@upi.edu
Asep Sumpena, Department of Physical Education, Health, and Recreation, Faculty of Sport and Health Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
Email: asepsumpena@upi.edu
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3674-682X
Agus Gumilar, Department of Physical Education, Health, and Recreation, Faculty of Sport and Health Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
Email: gumilaragus27@upi.edu
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3203-5692
References
Alesi, M., Gómez-López, M., Chicau Borrego, C., Monteiro, D., & Granero-Gallegos, A. (2019). Effects of a Motivational Climate on Psychological Needs Satisfaction, Motivation and Commitment in Teen Handball Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15), 2702. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152702
Alvarez-Bueno, C., Pesce, C., Cavero-Redondo, I., Sanchez-Lopez, M., Martínez-Hortelano, J. A., & Martinez-Vizcaino, V. (2017). The Effect of Physical Activity Interventions on Children’s Cognition and Metacognition: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(9), 729–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.06.012
Amabile, T. M. (2018). Creativity in Context: Update to the Social Psychology of Creativity. Routledge.
An, C. (2019). The Content and Role of Intrinsic Motivation in Creative Work: The Importance of Seeking “Enjoyment”. Creativity Studies, 12(2), 280–290. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2019.6451
Appelbaum, L. G., Lu, Y., Khanna, R., & Detwiler, K. R. (2016). The Effects of Sports Vision Training on Sensorimotor Abilities in Collegiate Softball Athletes. Athletic Training & Sports Health Care, 8(4), 154–163. https://doi.org/10.3928/19425864-20160314-01
Atkins, M. R., Johnson, D. M., Force, E. C., & Petrie, T. A. (2015). Peers, Parents, and Coaches, oh My! the Relation of the Motivational Climate to Boys’ Intention to Continue in Sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.10.008
Badarnee, M., Aslih, B., Goldman, S., & Kreitler, S. (2020). Motivation for Sport: The Cognitive Orientation. Psychology, 11(10), 1559–1573. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2020.1110099
Baena-Extremera, A., Granero-Gallegos, A., Sánchez-Fuentes, J. A., & Martínez-Molina, M. (2014). Predictive Model of the Importance and Usefulness of Physical Education. Cuadernos de Psicología Del Deporte, 14(2), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1578-84232014000200013
Bailey, R. (2018). Sport, Physical Education and Educational Worth. Educational Review, 70(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2018.1403208
Behzadnia, B., Mohammadzadeh, H., & Ahmadi, M. (2019). Autonomy-Supportive Behaviors Promote Autonomous Motivation, Knowledge Structures, Motor Skills Learning and Performance in Physical Education. Current Psychology, 38, 1692–1705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9727-0
Beni, S., Fletcher, T., & Ní Chróinín, D. (2017). Meaningful Experiences in Physical Education and Youth Sport: a Review of the Literature. Quest, 69(3), 291–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2016.1224192
Bernacki, M. L., & Walkington, C. (2018). The Role of Situational Interest in Personalized Learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(6), 864. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000250
Bidzan-Bluma, I., & Lipowska, M. (2018). Physical Activity and Cognitive Functioning of Children: a Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040800
Buišić, S., & Đorđić, V. (2019). The Effectiveness of Hellison’s Model of Personal and Social Responsibility in Physical Education Teaching. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 16(3), 663–675. https://doi.org/10.22190/FUPES171110060B
Bustamante, E. E., Williams, C. F., & Davis, C. L. (2016). Physical Activity Interventions for Neurocognitive and Academic Performance in Overweight and Obese Youth: a Systematic Review. Pediatric Clinics, 63(3), 459–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.02.004
Chen, W., Zhu, W., Mason, S., Hammond-Bennett, A., & Colombo-Dougovito, A. (2016). Effectiveness of Quality Physical Education in Improving Students’ Manipulative Skill Competency. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 5(2), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2015.04.005
Cooper, S. B., Dring, K. J., Morris, J. G., Sunderland, C., Bandelow, S., & Nevill, M. E. (2018). High Intensity Intermittent Games-Based Activity and Adolescents’ Cognition: Moderating Effect of Physical Fitness. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5514-6
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. Springer Science & Business Media.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2016). Optimizing Students’ Motivation in the Era of Testing and Pressure: a Self-Determination Theory Perspective. Building Autonomous Learners: Perspectives from Research and Practice Using Self-Determination Theory, 9–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-630-0_2
Dichev, C., Dicheva, D., Angelova, G., & Agre, G. (2014). From Gamification to Gameful Design and Gameful Experience in Learning. Cybernetics and Information Technologies, 14(4), 80–100. https://doi.org/10.1515/cait-2014-0007
Diener, E. (2013). The Remarkable Changes in the Science of Subjective Well-Being. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 663–666. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613507583
Fufu, R. D. A., Hariyanto, A., Wismanadi, H., & Tajuddin, A. I. (2021). The Effect of Throw and Catch Exercise and the Accuracy and Speed of Throw to Target in Sports Softball. Journal Of Physical Education Health and Sport Sciences, 2(2), 166–180. https://doi.org/10.35508/jpehss
Furley, P., Schweizer, G., & Bertrams, A. (2015). The Two Modes of an Athlete: Dual-Process Theories in the Field of Sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(1), 106–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1022203
Gil-Arias, A., Harvey, S., Cárceles, A., Práxedes, A., & Del Villar, F. (2017). Impact of a Hybrid TGfU-Sport Education Unit on Student Motivation in Physical Education. PloS One, 12(6), e0179876. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179876
Gil-Arias, A., Claver, F., Práxedes, A., Villar, F. Del, & Harvey, S. (2020). Autonomy Support, Motivational Climate, Enjoyment and Perceived Competence in Physical Education: Impact of a Hybrid Teaching Games for Understanding/Sport Education Unit. European Physical Education Review, 26(1), 36–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X18816997
Gottfried, A. E. (2019). Academic Intrinsic Motivation: Theory, Assessment, and Longitudinal Research. Advances in motivation science, 6, 71–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adms.2018.11.001
Grant Jr., D. E., & Hill, J. B. (2020). Activating Culturally Empathic Motivation in Diverse Students. Journal of Education and Learning, 9(5), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v9n5p45
Hamari, J., Shernoff, D. J., Rowe, E., Coller, B., Asbell-Clarke, J., & Edwards, T. (2016). Challenging Games Help Students Learn: an Empirical Study on Engagement, Flow and Immersion in Game-Based Learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.045
Huéscar Hernández, E., Moreno-Murcia, J. A., Cid, L., Monteiro, D., & Rodrigues, F. (2020). Passion or Perseverance? the Effect of Perceived Autonomy Support and Grit on Academic Performance in College Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 2143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062143
Hutmacher, D., Eckelt, M., Bund, A., & Steffgen, G. (2020). Does Motivation in Physical Education Have an Impact on Out-of-School Physical Activity Over Time? a Longitudinal Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197258
Jaakkola, T., Ntoumanis, N., & Liukkonen, J. (2016). Motivational Climate, Goal Orientation, Perceived Sport Ability, and Enjoyment within Finnish Junior Ice Hockey Players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 26(1), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12410
Jakobsson, B., T. (2014). What makes Teenagers Continue? a Salutogenic approach to Understanding Youth Participation in Swedish Club Sports. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 19(3), 239–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.754003
Koh, K. T., Ong, S. W., & Camiré, M. (2016). Implementation of a Values Training Program in Physical Education and Sport: Perspectives from Teachers, Coaches, Students, and Athletes. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 21(3), 295–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2014.990369
Lopes, V. P., Stodden, D. F., & Rodrigues, L. P. (2017). Effectiveness of Physical Education to Promote Motor Competence in Primary School Children. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 22(6), 589–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2017.1341474
Magolda, M. B. B. (2014). Students’ Epistemologies and Academic Experiences: Implications for Pedagogy. College Student Development and Academic Life. Routledge.
McCombs, B. L. (2013). Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: A Phenomenological View. Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement. Routledge.
Menescardi, C., De Meester, A., Morbée, S., Haerens, L., & Estevan, I. (2022). The Role of Motivation in the Conceptual Model of Motor Development in Childhood. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 61, 102188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102188
Moy, B., Renshaw, I., & Davids, K. (2016). The Impact of Nonlinear Pedagogy on Physical Education Teacher Education Students’ Intrinsic Motivation. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 21(5), 517–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2015.1072506
Negara, J. D. K., Mudjianto, S., Budikayanti, A., & Nugraha, P. P. A. (2021). The Effect of Gamma Wave Optimization and Attention on Hitting Skills in Softball. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090114
Norris, E., van Steen, T., Direito, A., & Stamatakis, E. (2020). Physically Active Lessons in Schools and Their Impact on Physical Activity, Educational, Health and Cognition Outcomes: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(14), 826–838. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100502
Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the Revised Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002
Perlman, D. (2013). Manipulation of the Self-Determined Learning Environment on Student Motivation and Affect within Secondary Physical Education. The Physical Educator, 70(4), 413–428.
Pesce, C., Lakes, K. D., Stodden, D. F., & Marchetti, R. (2021). Fostering Self‐Control Development with a Designed Intervention in Physical Education: a Two‐Year Class‐Randomized Trial. Child Development, 92(3), 937–958. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13445
Plass, J. L., Homer, B. D., & Kinzer, C. K. (2015). Foundations of Game-Based Learning. Educational Psychologist, 50(4), 258–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2015.1122533
Rahmadayanti, D., & Hartoyo, A. (2022). Potret Kurikulum Merdeka, Wujud Merdeka Belajar di Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(4), 7174–7187. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i4.3431
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation from a Self-Determination Theory Perspective: Definitions, Theory, Practices, and Future Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61, 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860
Schunk, D. H. (2013). Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Regulated Learning. Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement. Routledge.
Siedentop, D., Hastie, P., & Van der Mars, H. (2019). Complete Guide to Sport Education. Human Kinetics.
Smith, A. B., & Hardin, R. (2018). Female Student-Athletes’ Transition Out of Collegiate Competition. Journal of Amateur Sport, 4(2), 61–86. https://doi.org/10.17161/jas.v4i2.6725
Spittle, M. (2021). Motor Learning and Skill Acquisition: Applications for Physical Education and Sport. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Sulea, C., Van Beek, I., Sarbescu, P., Virga, D., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). Engagement, Boredom, and Burnout among Students: Basic Need Satisfaction Matters more than Personality Traits. Learning and Individual Differences, 42, 132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.08.018
Sun, H., Li, W., & Shen, B. (2017). Learning in Physical Education: a Self-Determination Theory Perspective. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 36(3), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2017-0067
Timo, J., Sami, Y.-P., Anthony, W., & Jarmo, L. (2016). Perceived Physical Competence Towards Physical Activity, and Motivation and Enjoyment in Physical Education as Longitudinal Predictors of Adolescents’ Self-Reported Physical Activity. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(9), 750–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.11.003
Tomporowski, P. D., & Pesce, C. (2019). Exercise, Sports, and Performance Arts Benefit Cognition via a Common Process. Psychological Bulletin, 145(9), 929. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000200
Trecroci, A., Duca, M., Cavaggioni, L., Rossi, A., Scurati, R., Longo, S., Merati, G., Alberti, G., & Formenti, D. (2021). Relationship between Cognitive Functions and Sport-Specific Physical Performance in Youth Volleyball Players. Brain Sciences, 11(2), 227. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020227
Wallhead, T. L., Garn, A. C., & Vidoni, C. (2014). Effect of a Sport Education Program on Motivation for Physical Education and Leisure-Time Physical Activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 85(4), 478–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2014.961051
Warburton, V. E. (2017). Peer and Teacher Influences on the Motivational Climate in Physical Education: a Longitudinal Perspective on Achievement Goal Adoption. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 51, 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.08.00
Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2023). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Human kinetics.
White, R. L., Bennie, A., Vasconcellos, D., Cinelli, R., Hilland, T., Owen, K. B., & Lonsdale, C. (2021). Self-Determination Theory in Physical Education: a Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies. Teaching and Teacher Education, 99, 103247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103247
Winarni, S., Jatmika, H. M., Rithaudin, A., & Setyawan, H. (2023). Best Practice dalam mengajar Pendidikan Jasmani: membangun Praktik Instruksional yang tepat berdasarkan Kurikulum Merdeka. PROMOTIF: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 3(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.17977/um075v3i12023p1-13
Wiseman, D. G., & Hunt, G. H. (2013). Best Practice in Motivation and Management in the Classroom. Charles C Thomas Publisher.
Wollesen, B., Janssen, T. I., Müller, H., & Voelcker-Rehage, C. (2022). Effects of Cognitive-Motor Dual Task Training on Cognitive and Physical Performance in Healthy Children and Adolescents: a Scoping Review. Acta Psychologica, 224, 103498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103498
Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R. (2016). Optimizing Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning: the OPTIMAL Theory of Motor Learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23, 1382–1414. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0999-9
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 Charisma Azizah Ibrahim, Mudjihartono, Asep Sumpena, Agus Gumilar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium. Copyrights of all materials published in Journal Sport Area are freely available without charge to users or / institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, search, or link to full-text articles in this journal without asking by giving appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. All of the remix, transform, or build upon the material must distribute the contributions under the same license as the original.
Accepted 2023-11-17
Published 2023-12-02
