Iron tablets and vitamin C (1000 mg): Can they enhance haemoglobin levels and cardiovascular capacity in female martial athletes?

https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2023.vol8(3).12396

Authors

  • Budiawan Made Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2931-7706
  • I Made Jati Luhur Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia
  • Made Bayu Oka Widiarta Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia

Keywords:

Iron tablets, vitamin c 1000 mg, hemoglobin, maximum oxygen volume, martial sports

Abstract

Regarding nutrition, providing proper food intake can produce optimal physical conditions and provide sufficient energy. This research aimed to prove that combining iron tablets and 1000 mg of vitamin C can increase hemoglobin levels and maximum oxygen volume in female athletes in martial arts. This research used an experimental group design by using a randomized post-test-only control group design. It used 40 female athletes divided into four groups and carried out for 12 weeks. The control group was given a placebo, treatment group one was given iron tablets three times a week, treatment group two was given 1000 mg of vitamin C three times a week, and treatment group three was given a combination of iron tablets and 1000 mg vitamin C. The results show that the mean of hemoglobin levels in the group given iron tablets is 13.23 ± 1.09 g/dL, vitamin C is 12.69 ± 0.89 g/dL, and a combination of iron tablets and vitamin C is 14.50 ± 1.40 g/dL significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control group, namely 11.93 ± 1.08 g/dL. The average maximum oxygen volume level in the group given iron tablets is 41.24 ± 0.52 ml/Kg/minute, vitamin C is 40.58 ± 0.66 ml/Kg/min, and a combination of iron tablets and vitamin C is 43.33 ± 0.41 ml/Kg/min which is significantly higher (p < 0.05) compare to the control group’s average of 38.33 ± 0.42 ml/Kg/min. It concludes that giving iron and vitamin C tablets to female martial arts athletes can significantly increase hemoglobin levels and maximum oxygen volume. Therefore, iron and vitamin C tablets are proven to contribute to overcoming the problem of anemia in women and are able to increase the cardiovascular capacity of athletes.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Agusmayanti, R., Farich, A., & Anggraini. (2020). Pemberian Vitamin C dapat meningkatkan Kadar Hemoglobin pada Ibu Hamil Anemia. Jurnal Kebidanan, 6(3), 342–348. https://doi.org/10.33024/jkm.v6i3.1731

Ai, Y., Zhao, S. R., Zhou, G., Ma, X., & Liu, J. (2012). Hemoglobin Status Associated with Performance IQ but not Verbal IQ in Chinese Preschool Children. Pediatrics International, 54(5), 669–675. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2012.03648.x

Berdejo-del-Fresno, D., Moore, R., & W. Laupheimer, M. (2015). VO2max Changes in English Futsal Players after a 6-Week Period of Specific Small-Sided Games Training. American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 3(2), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajssm-3-2-1

Bompa, T. O., & Buzzichelli, C. (2014). Periodization Training for Sports Third Edition. Human Kinetics Inc.

Bompa, T. O., & Carrera, M. (2015). Conditioning Young Athletes. Human Kinetics Inc.

Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., & Laye, M. J. (2012). Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases. Comprehensive Physiology, 2(2), 1143–1211. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c110025

Chen, Z., Yang, H., Wang, D., Sudfeld, C. R., Zhao, A., Xin, Y., Chen, J. C., Fawzi, W. W., Xing, Y., & Li, Z. (2022). Effect of Oral Iron Supplementation on Cognitive Function among Children and Adolescents in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 14(24). 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245332

Chong, M. F.-F., Bui, C. T., Jaisamrarn, U., Pacquing-Songco, D., Shaw, S. W., Tam, C. T., & Bardosono, S. (2020). A Landscape of Micronutrient Status in Women Through the Reproductive Years: Insights from Seven Regions in Asia. Women’s Health, 16, 174550652097311. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745506520973110

Das, J. K., Salam, R. A., Mahmood, S. Bin, Moin, A., Kumar, R., Mukhtar, K., Lassi, Z. S., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2019). Food Fortification with Multiple Micronutrients: Impact on Health Outcomes in General Population. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020(2), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011400.pub2

Dewi, K. I., & Wirjatmadi, R. B. (2017). Hubungan Kecukupan Vitamin C dan Zat Besi dengan Kebugaran Jasmani Atlet Pencak IPSI Lamongan. Media Gizi Indonesia, 12(2), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.20473/mgi.v12i2.134-140

Drouin, G., Godin, J.-R., & Page, B. (2011). The Genetics of Vitamin C Loss in Vertebrates. Current Genomics, 12(5), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.2174/138920211796429736

Habibie, I. Y., Oktavia, F., & Ventiyaningsih, A. D. I. (2018). Asupan Vitamin C tidak Berhubungan dengan Kadar Hemoglobin pada Remaja Putri di SMA Negeri 5 Kota Malang. Indonesian Journal of Human Nutrition, 5(2), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.ijhn.2018.005.02.5

Kiss, J. E., Brambilla, D., Glynn, S. A., Mast, A. E., Spencer, B. R., Stone, M., Kleinman, S. H., & Cable, R. G. (2015). Oral Iron Supplementation after Blood Donation: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 313(6), 575–583. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.119

Kosendiak, A., Kawicka, A., Różańska, D., Konikowska, K., Salomon, A., & Regulska-Ilow, B. (2015). Dietary Intake of Antioxidant Vitamins in Diets of Amateur Adults Preparing For a Marathon. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 11(3), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.18276/cej.2015.3-08

Li, N., Zhao, G., Wu, W., Zhang, M., Liu, W., Chen, Q., & Wang, X. (2020). The Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin C for Iron Supplementation in Adult Patients With Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 3(11), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23644

Low, M. S. Y., Speedy, J., Styles, C. E., De-Regil, L. M., & Pasricha, S. R. (2016). Daily Iron Supplementation for Improving Anaemia, Iron Status and Health in Menstruating Women. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4(4), CD009747. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009747.pub2

Nguyen, P. H., Young, M., Gonzalez-Casanova, I., Pham, H. Q., Nguyen, H., Truong, T. V., Nguyen, S. V., Harding, K. B., Reinhart, G. A., Martorell, R., & Ramakrishnan, U. (2016). Impact of Preconception Micronutrient Supplementation on Anemia and Iron Status during Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural Vietnam. PLOS ONE, 11(12), e0167416. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167416

Nieman, D. C., Austin, M. D., Benezra, L., Pearce, S., McInnis, T., Unick, J., & Gross, S. J. (2006). Validation of Cosmed's Fitmate in Measuring Oxygen Consumption and Estimating Resting Metabolic Rate. Research in Sports Medicine, 14(2), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620600651512

Nieman, D. C., Austin, M. D., Dew, D., & Utter, A. C. (2013). Validity of COSMED’s Quark CPET Mixing Chamber System in Evaluating Energy Metabolism During Aerobic Exercise in Healthy Male Adults. Research in Sports Medicine, 21(2), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2012.757227

Nwagha, T. U., Ugwu, A. O., & Nwaekpe, C. N. (2023). Iron supplementation and blood donation in Nigeria: Effect on Hemoglobin, red cell indices, and iron stores - The ranferonTM study. Annals of African Medicine, 22(1), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_248_21

Pasricha, S. R., Low, M., Thompson, J., Farrell, A., & De-Regil, L. M. (2014). Iron Supplementation Benefits Physical Performance in Women Of Reproductive Age: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Nutrition, 144(6), 906–914. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.189589

Patel, H., Alkhawam, H., Madanieh, R., Shah, N., Kosmas, C. E., & Vittorio, T. J. (2017). Aerobic vs Anaerobic Exercise Training Effects on the Cardiovascular System. World Journal of Cardiology, 9(2), 134–138. https://doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v9.i2.134

Paulsen, G., Hamarsland, H., Cumming, K. T., Johansen, R. E., Hulmi, J. J., Børsheim, E., Wiig, H., Garthe, I., & Raastad, T. (2014). Vitamin C And E Supplementation Alters Protein Signalling after A Strength Training Session, but not Muscle Growth during 10 Weeks of Training. Journal of Physiology, 592(24), 5391–5408. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2014.279950

Pompano, L. M., & Haas, J. D. (2019). Increasing Iron Status through Dietary Supplementation in Iron-Depleted, Sedentary Women Increases Endurance Performance at Both Near-Maximal and Submaximal Exercise Intensities. Journal of Nutrition, 149(2), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy271

Skolmowska, D., & Głąbska, D. (2022). Effectiveness of Dietary Intervention with Iron and Vitamin C Administered Separately in Improving Iron Status in Young Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911877

Susanti, Y., Briawan, D., & Martianto, D. (2016). Suplementasi Besi Mingguan meningkatkan Hemoglobin sama Efektif dengan Kombinasi Mingguan dan Harian pada Remaja Putri. Jurnal Gizi Pangan, 11(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2016.11.1.%25p

Tam, E., Keats, E. C., Rind, F., Das, J. K., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2020). Micronutrient Supplementation and Fortification Interventions on Health and Development Outcomes among Children Under-Five in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12(2), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020289

Tesfaye, M., Yemane, T., Adisu, W., Asres, Y., & Gedefaw, L. (2015). Anemia and Iron Deficiency among School Adolescents: Burden, Severity, and Determinant Factors in Southwest Ethiopia. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 6, 189–196. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S94865

Tirla, A., Islam, F., Islam, M. R., Vicas, S. I., & Cavalu, S. (2022). New Insight and Future Perspectives on Nutraceuticals for Improving Sports Performance of Combat Players: Focus on Natural Supplements, Importance and Advantages over Synthetic Ones. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 12(17), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178611

Umapathi, K., & Nguyen, H. (2022, October 17). Cardiopulmonary Fitness. StatPearls.

Wati, I. D. P. (2021). Are Hemoglobin and Volume Oxygen Maximum (VO2max) Relevant Each Other?. Journal Sport Area, 6(2), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2021.vol6(2).6248

Weyand, A. C., Chaitoff, A., Freed, G. L., Sholzberg, M., Choi, S. W., & McGann, P. T. (2023). Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in US Females Aged 12-21 Years 2003-2020. JAMA, 329(24), 2191–2193. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.8020

Published

2023-09-13

How to Cite

Made, B., Luhur, I. M. J., & Widiarta, M. B. O. (2023). Iron tablets and vitamin C (1000 mg): Can they enhance haemoglobin levels and cardiovascular capacity in female martial athletes?. Journal Sport Area, 8(3), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2023.vol8(3).12396

Issue

Vol. 8 No. 3 (2023): December

Section

RESEARCH ARTICLES
Copyright & Licensing

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium. Copyrights of all materials published in Journal Sport Area are freely available without charge to users or / institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, search, or link to full-text articles in this journal without asking by giving appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. All of the remix, transform, or build upon the material must distribute the contributions under the same license as the original. 

Received 2023-03-05
Accepted 2023-08-28
Published 2023-09-13