Quantifying hydrothermal alteration Derived by remote sensing technique in Tompaso Geothermal Field (North Sulawesi Indonesia)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2025.10.1.19515Keywords:
Sentinel-2, Tompaso, Remote sensing, Hydrothermal alteration minerals, Vegetation stressAbstract
Quantifying hydrothermal alteration is important for geothermal system modeling, which aims to understand fluid dynamics, soil distribution, and energy production potential in the geothermal exploration areas as well as the economic mineral potential at the Tompaso area, North Sulawesi. Alteration processes can result in weathering degradation of rock strength. The Sentinel-2 color composite of band ratio R,G,B for band (4/2), band (8A/11), and band (11/12) reveals the distribution of iron oxides, ferromagnesian silicates, and clay minerals. These alteration minerals are characterized by the presence of clay minerals such as chlorite (Chl), epidote (Ep), quartz (Qs), sericite (Sr), alunite (Al), and illite (ill), which formed at temperatures of 110-300⁰C and fluid pH ranging from 3-5 (acidic in nature). The process of geological phenomena in the form of structures that open fluid pathways affects changes in the physical and chemical composition of the host rocks. The host rock and hydrothermal interactions influence to the fertility as well as vegetation conditions. Therefore, the soil and vegetation conditions were used to trace the occurrence of hydrothermal alteration minerals. A band ratio of the chlorophyll spectrum captured by the red edge vegetation index (REVI) is used as a basis for mapping vegetation stress related to the occurrence of the alteration minerals. The insitu chlorophyll measurements of ferns were used to verify the REVI in the study area. The REVI image shows anomalous vegetation stress corresponding to alteration minerals. To quantify the detection correctness, the SPAD soil measurements were conducted to pinpoint vegetation stress caused by the existence of hydrothermal alteration minerals. Correlation between alteration minerals to these two variables REVI and fern SPAD. The determination coefficient (R2) between REVI and alteration minerals then the alteration minerals and SPAD chlorophyll measurements were archived linearly about 0.7. We have also obtained a linear correlation with positively gradient between alteration zones of argillic and propylitic presented by occurrences of kaolinite, sericite, chlorite, epidote, and quartz minerals in rock samples, to stressed vegetations.
Downloads
References
Alpine, F., Yatini, Y., Takodama, I., 2022. Identification of Geothermal System In “Diana” Area, Indonesia Based On Magnetotelluric Data Modelling. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 7, 7–14.
Barnes, H.L., 1997. Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits. John Wiley & Sons.
Bellier, O., Sébrier, M., Beaudouin, T., Villeneuve, M., Braucher, R., Bourles, D., Siame, L., Putranto, E., Pratomo, I., 2001. High slip rate for a low seismicity along the Palu‐Koro active fault in central Sulawesi (Indonesia). Terra Nova 13, 463–470.
Browne, P., 1978. Hydrothermal alteration in active geothermal fields. Annual review of earth and planetary sciences 6, 229–248.
Campbell, J.B., Wynne, R.H., 2011. Introduction to remote sensing. Guilford press.
Carranza, E.J.M., Hale, M., 2001. Remote detection of vegetation stress for mineral exploration, in: IGARSS 2001. Scanning the Present and Resolving the Future. Proceedings. IEEE 2001 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (Cat. No.01CH37217). pp. 1324–1326 vol.3.
Chang, C.S., Ismail*, R., 2019. Biogeochemistry using Melastoma Malabathricum and fern from mineralised area in Sokor, Kelantan. IJRTE 8, 5731–5736.
Chatterjee, S., Hadi, A.S., 2015. Regression analysis by example. John Wiley & Sons.
Chen, L., Yang, X., Zhen, G., 2019. Potential of Sentinel-2 data for alteration extraction in coal-bed methane reservoirs. Ore Geology Reviews 108, 134–146.
Corbett, G.J., Leach, T.M., 1998. Southwest Pacific Rim gold-copper systems: structure, alteration, and mineralization. Society of Economic Geologists Littleton, Colorado.
Cumming, W., 2009. Geothermal resource conceptual models using surface exploration data. Presented at the Proceedings, pp. 9–11.
Duda, K.A., Jones, B.K., 2011. USGS remote sensing coordination for the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 77, 899–907.
Ferreiro Mählmann, R., Rahn, M., Potel, S., Nguyen-Thanh, L., Petschick, R., 2024. Determination of a normal orogenic palaeo-geothermal gradient with clay mineral and organic matter indices: a review. Swiss Journal of Geosciences 117, 17.
Hall, R., 2009. The Eurasian SE Asian margin as a modern example of an accretionary orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 318, 351–372.
Hamilton, W.B., 1979. Tectonics of the Indonesian region. US Government Printing Office.
Heap, M.J., Gravley, D.M., Kennedy, B.M., Gilg, H.A., Bertolett, E., Barker, S.L.L., 2020. Quantifying the role of hydrothermal alteration in creating geothermal and epithermal mineral resources: The Ohakuri ignimbrite (Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 390, 106703.
Hede, A.N.H., Kashiwaya, K., Koike, K., Sakurai, S., 2015. A new vegetation index for detecting vegetation anomalies due to mineral deposits with application to a tropical forest area. Remote Sensing of Environment 171, 83–97.
Heinrich, C.A., 2005. The physical and chemical evolution of low-salinity magmatic fluids at the porphyry to epithermal transition: a thermodynamic study. Miner Deposita 39, 864–889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-004-0461-9
Idrus, A., Ubaidillah, A.S., Warmada, I.W., Maula, S., 2021. Geology, Rock Geochemistry and Ore Fluid Characteristics of the Brambang Copper-Gold Porphyry Prospect, Lombok Island, Indonesia. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 6, 67–73.
Iswahyudi, S., Saepuloh, A., Widagdo, A., 2014. Delineating Outflow Zones Using Linear Features Density (Lfd) Derived From Landsat Imagery At Paguyangan, Brebes, Central Java.
Jensen, J.R., 1996. Introductory digital image processing: a remote sensing perspective.
Kingston Morrison, 1997. Important hydrothermal minerals and their significance, 7th ed. Geothermal and Mineral Service Devision.
Kusumadinata, K., Hadian, R., Hamidi, S., Reksowirogo, L., 1979. Data dasar gunungapi Indonesia. Direktorat Vulkanologi, Bandung 820.
Lécuyer, F., Bellier, O., Gourgaud, A., Vincent, P.M., 1997. Tectonique active du Nord-Est de Sulawesi (Indonésie) et contrôle structural de la caldeira de Tondano. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences-Series IIA-Earth and Planetary Science 325, 607–613.
Li, L., Wu, J., Lu, J., Xu, J., 2020. Speciation, risks and isotope-based source apportionment of trace elements in soils of the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 20, 315–322.
Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R.W., Chipman, J., 2015. Remote sensing and image interpretation. John Wiley & Sons.
Lowell, J.D., Guilbert, J.M., 1970. Lateral and vertical alteration-mineralization zoning in porphyry ore deposits. Economic geology 65, 373–408.
Manyoe, I.N., Hutagalung, R., 2022. Application of lineament density extraction based on digital elevation model for geological structures control analysis in Suwawa
Geothermal Area. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 7, 117–123.
Mulyaningsih, S., Sukisman, Y.R.S., Hidayah, R.A., 2021. Hydrothermal Alteration and Ore Metal Mineralisation at Temon, Pacitan, East Jawa, Indonesia. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 6, 24–33.
Prasetyo, I., Sardiyanto, K.H., Thamrin, M.H., 2015. Clay alteration study from wells of Tompaso Geothermal Field, north Sulawesi, Indonesia, in: Proceedings World Geothermal Congress.
Reyes, A.G., 1990. Petrology of Philippine geothermal systems and the application of alteration mineralogy to their assessment. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 43, 279–309.
Richards, J.A., 2009. Remote sensing with imaging radar. Springer.
Sabins, F.F., 1999. Remote sensing for mineral exploration. Ore Geology Reviews 14, 157–183.
Saepuloh, A., Ratnanta, I., Hede, A., Susanto, V., Sucipta, I.G.B., 2023. Radioactive remote signatures derived from Sentinel-2 images and field verification in West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 195.
Semenkov, I.N., Klink, G.V., Lebedeva, M.P., Krupskaya, V.V., Chernov, M.S., Dorzhieva, O.V., Kazinskiy, M.T., Sokolov, V.N., Zavadskaya, A.V., 2021. The variability of soils and vegetation of hydrothermal fields in the Valley of Geysers at Kamchatka Peninsula. Scientific Reports 11, 11077.
Sillitoe, R.H., 2010. Porphyry copper systems. Economic geology 105, 3–41.
Silver, E.A., Moore, J.C., 1978. The Molucca sea collision zone, Indonesia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 83, 1681–1691.
Simandjuntak, T.O., Barber, A.J., 1996. Contrasting tectonic styles in the Neogene orogenic belts of Indonesia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 106, 185–201.
Sukamto, R., Westermann, G., 1992. Indonesia and Papua new guinea, in: The Jurassic of the Circum-Pacific. Cambridge University Press USA, pp. 183–193.
Utami, P., 2011. Hydrothermal alteration and the evolution of the Lahendong geothermal system, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2025-03-31 (2)
- 2025-02-12 (1)
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright @2019. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium. Copyrights of all materials published in JGEET are freely available without charge to users or / institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, search, or link to full-text articles in this journal without asking by giving appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. All of the remix, transform, or build upon the material must distribute the contributions under the same license as the original.
