UNDERSTANDING KENYA’S ELECTORAL MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURAL CONTEXT: SURVIVING BOTH THE STATE AND A VOLATILE REGION
Keywords:
Electoral Achitecture, Kenya’s Election, Volatile Region, RegionalizationAbstract
The article is an attempt to understand Kenya’s electoral management architectural context asks fundamental questions; does elections management architectural context have the ability to survive a state or group of states? How does election management architecture help states function in volatile regions? While answering these, the study asserts; in a deepening regionalism, the security effects of one state extend threats to other communities of states around it/her. In a critical view from the prism of the International Relations (IR) lens, the survival of one state has a spiral survival effect on the other states in such a locality. This causes states to have joint and various effects relationships. The nature of regional security among neighboring states faces paradigmatic limitations common to their adjacency. Security in the era of regionalization is symbiotic thus poor electoral management naturally has an impact on the existing peace and security in a regional network of states. This study discussed Kenya’s electoral management architecture from the constitutional edicts point of view. This encompassed strengths and weaknesses observed and highlight some supportive Acts of law found necessary to the study. It moved further to elaborate on the electoral management architecture context found relevant to the study. Using relevant themes, the study analyzes the region in light of the questions posed and written literature, the research justifiably concludes that indeed EM architectural context has a necessary role in volatile regions.
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References
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Political Parties Act 2011, No. 11.
Reilly, Bejamin (2008). Post-war Elections: Uncertain Turning Points in Transition. In Anna K. Jarstad and Timothy D. Sisk (eds.). 2008. From War to Democracy. Dilemmas of Peacebuilding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reilly, Benjamin (2002). Elections in Post-Conflict Scenarios: Constraints and Dangers. International Peacekeeping. 9(2):118-139.
Reynolds, Andrew, Ben Reilly, and Andrew Ellis (2005). Electoral System Design: the New International IDEA Handbook. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Suter, Keith (2008). The future of the nation-state in an era of globalization. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 24:3, 201-218, DOI: 10.1080/13623690802169910.
Veney, Cassandra R. and Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe (2013). The Political Economy of Development and Democratic Transitions in Kenya. Yale Journal of International Affairs.
Vidija, Patrick (2018). Are Kenya's electoral agencies cursed? A look at events since the ECK. Apr. 16.
Vorrath, Dr. Judith (2011). African Developments: Political Trends in Recent Elections in Sub- Saharan Africa. German Development Institute / Deutsches Institutfür Entwicklungspolitik (DIE).
Wall, Alan et al. (2006). Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
www.aceproject.org. The ACE Practitioners' Network, 1st March 2016.
Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe (2009), “The African Renaissance and Challenges of Development in the 21st Century,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 29, 2.
Ajulu, R. (2002). Politicised Ethnicity, Competitive Politics and Conflict in Kenya: A Historical Perspective. African Studies, Vol. 61, No. 2, 251-268.
Al-Rodhan, Nayef (2007a). The Five Dimensions of Global Security: Proposal for a Multi-sum Security Principle. Berlin: LIT.
Al-Rodhan, Nayef (2007c). Symbiotic Realism: A Theory of International Relations in an Instant and an Interdependent World. Berlin: LIT.
Al-Rodhan, Nayef (2007c). Symbiotic Realism: A Theory of International Relations in an Instant and an Interdependent World. In the Book - There’s a Future: Visions for a Better World – “The Future of International Relations: A Symbiotic Realism Theory”. Geneva Centre for Security Policy, Geneva, Switzerland.
Amutabi, Maurice (2009). Beyond Imperial Presidency in Kenya: Interrogating the Kenyatta, Moi and Kibaki Regimes and Implications for Democracy and Development. Kenya Studies Review: 1, 1, 55-84.
Anderson, D. (2005). ‘Yours in struggle for majimbo’: nationalism and the party politics of decolonization in Kenya, 1955–64. Journal of Contemporary History 40 (3), 547–565.
Annonymous (2019). Sovereignty Against Globalism: The Main 21st Century Dilemma. Washington - February 1.
Bengali, S. (2008: January 31). How Kenya’s election was rigged. McClatchy Newspapers. Available from: http://www.mcclatchydc.com/100/story/25830.html.
Brown, Mark Malloch. (2003). Democratic Governance: Toward a Framework for Sustainable Peace. Global Governance. 9:141-146.
Centre for Strategic and International Studies (2020). Political and Security Trends in East Africa. Rhode Island Avenue, NW
Washington, DC.
Crisis Group Africa Report (2008). Kenya in Crisis, N°137, 21 February.
Cummings, Ryan (2012), Kenya's 2013 Election: Will History Repeat Itself? Think Africa Press- Africa Analyst, www.thinkafricapress.com 7.03.2014.
Elections Act 2011, No. 24.
Elections Regulations, 2012.
Electoral Commission of Kenya (2005). Results of the 2005 constitutional referendum. Available from: www.eck.go.ke.
Elklit, Jorgen (2003). What electoral systems are available? An international perspective on the current debate in South Africa, Electoral Models for South Africa: Reflections and Options. Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Seminar Report, Johannesburg.
European Union (2008). Final Report: General Elections 27 December 2007. Available from: http://www.eueomkenya.org/Main/English/Final_Report.html.
Fischer, Jeff. (2002). Electoral Conflict and Violence. A Strategy for Study and Prevention. IFES White Paper.
Gibson, C.C. and Long J.D. (2009). The presidential and parliamentary elections in Kenya, December 2007. Electoral Studies, doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2009.01.005.
Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, (2013), The March 2013 Elections in Kenya and the Responsibility to Protect, Policy Brief 11 February 2013.
Hancock, I.R, (1970). "Patriotism and Neo-Traditionalism in Buganda: the KY movement 1961- 62". Journal of African History Volume 11 No. 3.
Haysom, Fink (2003). Popular attitudes towards the South African electoral system: A summary, Electoral Models for South Africa: Reflections and Options. Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Seminar Report, Johannesburg.
Höglund, Kristine, Anna K. Jarstad and Mimmi Söderberg Kovacs. (2009). The Predicament of Elections in War-torn Societies. Democratizatio 16(3):530-557.
Human Rights Watch (2008). Ballots to bullets: organized political violence and Kenya’s crisis of governance. Available from: http://hrw.org/reports/2008/kenya0308/.
IEBC (2013), Election Report.
IEBC (2017). The IEBC Mandate. www.iebc.or.ke/iebc , 30/6/2017.
IFES (2014), Annual Report.
International IDEA, (2005).
Juma, Thomas Otieno (2018). Zimbabwe Elections: The Local and Regional Implications. E-International Relations, www.e-ir.info/2018/09/18.
Kanyinga, K., Long, J., and Ndii, D. (2008: September 25). Fraud in Kenya’s 2007 election: crushing the figures for evidence. Paper Presented at Society for International Development Conference on 2007 Elections Study, Nairobi.
Kibira, Henry (2013). Kivuitu exonerated over bungled elections. Mar. 09, 2013.
Kimenyi, M. and Shugart, W. (2008: March). The Political Economy of Constitutional Choice: a Study of the 2005 Kenyan Constitutional Referendum. Department of Economics Working Paper Series. University of Connecticut.
Krieglar, Johann (2011). Electoral Dispute Resolution: A Personal Perspective, In Elections in Dangerous Places; Democracy and the Paradoxes of Peacebuilding. David Gillies (ed). McQueen University Press.
Kuacjok (2013). S. Sudan’s Kiir admits 2015 elections may be delayed. September 23, 2013, www.sudantribune.com/ 4.03.2014.
Kumar, Krishna (1998). Postconflict Elections, Democratization & International Assistance. Colorado:Lynnes Rinner Publishers, Inc.
Lemargie, Kyle (2017). www.donate.ifes.org, 30th Nov.
Lindberg, Staffan I. (2006). Democracy and elections in Africa. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lonsdale, John (1994). Moral Ethnicity and Political Tribalism in Kaarsholm, Preben and Jan Hultin (eds.), Inventions and Boundaries: Historical and Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism. Occasional paper No. 11, International Development Studies, Roskilde University.
McClatchy, Shashank Bengali (2008). How Kenya's election was rigged: Countdown to Deception. www.mcclatchydc.com/news, 23rd Oct.
Munene, Macharia (2017). How Kenya’s Politics Undermines EAC Socio-Political Progress. The Standard, October 2nd .
Murunga, Godwin and Nasong’o, Shadrack (2007). Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy. (London and New York: Zed Books, 2007), 3.
Musah, Abdel Fatau (2012), West Africa: Security in a Changing Region, International Peace Institute, www.africacenter.org/security 6.03.2014.
Mutibwa, P.M. (1982). "Internal Self-Government: March 1961 to October 1962" in Uzoigwe, G.N. (editor) "Uganda: the Dilemma of Nationhood," New York & London: NOK Publishers.
Mwipopo, Ernest L.K (2011). Tanzania Electoral Law System. ALRAESA Workshop on Model Election Laws, Swako Pmund, Namibia.
Obala, Luke M. (2012). The 2012-2013 Kenyan Presidential Elections. Lectures at University of Nairobi, Reports- Aljazeera Center for Studies, www.studies.aljazeera.net 7.03.2014.
Okoth, P. G. and B. A. Ogot, eds. (2000). Conflict in Contemporary Africa. Nairobi: Jomo Kenyatta Foundation, 2000, 44-55.
Political Parties Act 2011, No. 11.
Reilly, Bejamin (2008). Post-war Elections: Uncertain Turning Points in Transition. In Anna K. Jarstad and Timothy D. Sisk (eds.). 2008. From War to Democracy. Dilemmas of Peacebuilding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reilly, Benjamin (2002). Elections in Post-Conflict Scenarios: Constraints and Dangers. International Peacekeeping. 9(2):118-139.
Reynolds, Andrew, Ben Reilly, and Andrew Ellis (2005). Electoral System Design: the New International IDEA Handbook. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Suter, Keith (2008). The future of the nation-state in an era of globalization. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 24:3, 201-218, DOI: 10.1080/13623690802169910.
Veney, Cassandra R. and Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe (2013). The Political Economy of Development and Democratic Transitions in Kenya. Yale Journal of International Affairs.
Vidija, Patrick (2018). Are Kenya's electoral agencies cursed? A look at events since the ECK. Apr. 16.
Vorrath, Dr. Judith (2011). African Developments: Political Trends in Recent Elections in Sub- Saharan Africa. German Development Institute / Deutsches Institutfür Entwicklungspolitik (DIE).
Wall, Alan et al. (2006). Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
www.aceproject.org. The ACE Practitioners' Network, 1st March 2016.
Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe (2009), “The African Renaissance and Challenges of Development in the 21st Century,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 29, 2.
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2020-04-28
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