Seabed Morphology and Geohazard Assessment for Subsea Pipeline Routing based on MBES and Seismic Data: A Case Study of Teluk Palabuhanratu, Indonesia

Chairunisyah Putri Salsabila; Idarwati; Muhammad Alfath Salvano Salni; Faris Nauval Rasyid

Authors

Chairunisyah Putri Salsabila Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia
Idarwati Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia
Muhammad Alfath Salvano Salni Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia
Faris Nauval Rasyid Center for Marine Geological Survey and Mapping, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia

Keywords:

Multibeam Echosounder, Seabed Morphology, Seismic, Submarine Geohazard, Teluk Palabuhanratu

Abstract

To support the development of subsea pipeline infrastructure across Java, there is a need to assess geohazard potential in Teluk Palabuhanratu. The aim of this study is to characterize seabed morphology and evaluate its implications for geohazard potential for subsea pipeline routes. The method employed consists of morphometric analysis based on digital bathymetric model (DBM) that is derived from multibeam echosounder (MBES), delineation of seabed morphological units by integrating DBM with seismic interpretation, and geohazard assessment based on morphometric parameters and morphological units. Seabed morphology is predominantly characterized by very gentle to gentle slopes, near-planar curvature, and low roughness, while localized zones of steep slopes, complex curvature, and high roughness are associated with faults, submarine landslides, and mud volcanoes. Ten morphological units were identified, including slopes, ridges, knolls, channels, basin floors, sand ridges, mounds, valleys, gullies, and landslides. The geocost-based geohazard assessment indicates a spectrum of hazard potential ranging from low to high for subsea pipeline. High hazard levels are associated with steep slopes, high roughness, and morphological units influenced by erosion and mass-transport processes, such as gullies, valleys, and fault-associated ridges.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aiden-Lee Jackson, C., 2012. The initiation of submarine slope failure and the emplacement of mass transport complexes in salt-related minibasins: A three-dimensional seismic-reflection case study from the Santos Basin, offshore Brazil. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 124, 746–761.

American Bureau of Shipping, 2016. Guidance Notes on Subsea Pipeline Route Determination. Houston.

Ardhyastuti, S., Husein, S., Muljawan, D., Haryadi, Y., Wiguna, T., Febriawan, H.K., Putra, A.P., Tohari, A., Marcino, A.R.R.I., Nugroho, A.B., Sudaryanto, A., 2023. Seabed morphology characterization for Indonesian cable-based tsunameter route in Cilacap Segment, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 1148, 012009.

Ar-Rouf, F.B., 2025. Identifikasi Multi Bencana Geologi di Kawasan Geopark Ciletuh Palabuhanratu. Syntax Idea 7, 1134–1150.

Bhattacharya, S., Verma, S., Rotzien, J.R., 2020. 3D seismic imaging of the submarine slide blocks on the North Slope, Alaska. Interpretation 8, SR37–SR44.

Burhannudinnur, M., Noeradi, D., 2021. Understanding Mud Volcano System Using Hele-Shaw (H-S) Experiment: Seismic Confirmation at East Java Mud Volcano. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 6, 206–216.

Camerlenghi, A., 2018. Drivers of Seafloor Geomorphic Change. pp. 135–159.

Cappadonia, C., Coco, L., Buccolini, M., Rotigliano, E., 2016. From Slope Morphometry to Morphogenetic Processes: An Integrated Approach of Field Survey, Geographic Information System Morphometric Analysis and Statistics in Italian Badlands. Land Degrad. Dev. 27, 851–862.

Ceramicola, S., Senatore, M.R., Cova, A., Meo, A., Forlin, E., Critelli, S., Markezic, N., Zecchin, M., Civile, D., Bosman, A., Candoni, O., Casalbore, D., Coste, M., Cotterle, D., Deponte, M., Dominici, R., Facchin, L., Gordini, E., Morelli, E., Muto, F., Praeg, D., Romeo, R., Chiocci, F.L., 2024. Geohazard features of the Gulf of Taranto. J. Maps 20.

Clukey, E., Israel, K., Jones, C., Ziegler, C.K., 2007. Pipeline Risk Assessment in Deep-Sea Furrow Regions, in: Offshore Technology Conference. OTC.

Dhina, N., Permana, T., 2021. Natural gas transportation business contribution to Indonesia’s national energy policy and carbon emission offset by on-grid solar PV utilization: Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 753, 012022.

Dove, D., Nanson, R., Bjarnadóttir, L.R., Guinan, J., Gafeira, J., Post, A., Dolan, M.F.J., Stewart, H., Arosio, R., Scott, G., 2020. A two-part seabed geomorphology classification scheme : (v.2). Part 1 : morphology features glossary. British Geological Survey, Nottingham.

Escartín, J., Olive, J.-A., 2022. Mid-Ocean Ridges and Their Geomorphological Features, in: Treatise on Geomorphology. Elsevier, pp. 847–881.

Ge, Y., Cao, C., Chen, J., Wang, H., Zhang, P., He, J., Lin, Y., 2022. Monitoring and Research on Submarine Hydrate Mound: Review and Future Perspective. Mar. Technol. Soc. J. 56, 140–162.

Gee, M.J.R., Gawthorpe, R.L., Bakke, K., Friedmann, S.J., 2007. Seismic Geomorphology and Evolution of Submarine Channels from the Angolan Continental Margin. Journal of Sedimentary Research 77, 433–446.

Hart, B.S., Sagan, J.A., 2007. Curvature for visualization of seismic geomorphology. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 277, 139–149.

Hasenhündl, M., Blanckaert, K., 2022. A Matlab script for the morphometric analysis of subaerial, subaquatic and extra-terrestrial rivers, channels and canyons. Comput. Geosci. 162, 105080.

Heijnen, M.S., Clare, M.A., Cartigny, M.J.B., Talling, P.J., Hage, S., Pope, E.L., Bailey, L., Sumner, E., Lintern, D.G., Stacey, C., Parsons, D.R., Simmons, S.M., Chen, Y., Hubbard, S.M., Eggenhuisen, J.T., Kane, I., Hughes Clarke, J.E., 2022. Fill, flush or shuffle: How is sediment carried through submarine channels to build lobes? Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 584, 117481.

Kanamatsu, T., Ashi, J., Shiraishi, K., 2024. Controlling factors of a submarine landslide on the Kumano-nada continental slope, West Japan. Tectonophysics 883, 230370.

Martodjodjo, S., 1984. Bogor Basin Evaluation, West Java (Evolusi Cekungan Bogor, Jawa Barat). Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung.

Meredyk, S.P., Edinger, E., Piper, D.J.W., Huvenne, V.A.I., Hoy, S., Ruffman, A., 2020. Enigmatic Deep-Water Mounds on the Orphan Knoll, Labrador Sea. Front. Mar. Sci. 6.

Moore, R., Davis, G., Dabson, O., 2018. Applied Geomorphology and Geohazard Assessment for Deepwater Development. pp. 459–479.

Muslim, D., Haerani, E., Muslim, F.N., Muslim, G.O., 2019. Toward the Safe Live-able Built Environment around Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark Area in Sukabumi Regency, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 248, 012036.

Nanson, R., Arosio, R., Gafeira, J., McNeil, M., Dove, D., Bjarnadóttir, L., Dolan, M., Guinan, J., Post, A., Webb, J., Nichol, S., 2023. A two-part seabed geomorphology classification scheme; Part 2: Geomorphology classification framework and glossary (Version 1.0). Nottingham.

Naranjo-Vesga, J., Ortiz-Karpf, A., Wood, L., Jobe, Z., Paniagua-Arroyave, J.F., Shumaker, L., Mateus-Tarazona, D., Galindo, P., 2020. Regional controls in the distribution and morphometry of deep-water gravitational deposits along a convergent tectonic margin. Southern Caribbean of Colombia. Mar. Pet. Geol. 121, 104639.

Normandeau, A., Campbell, D.C., Cartigny, M.J.B., 2019. The influence of turbidity currents and contour currents on the distribution of deep‐water sediment waves offshore eastern Canada. Sedimentology 66, 1746–1767.

Post, A.L., O’Brien, P.E., Edwards, S., Carroll, A.G., Malakoff, K., Armand, L.K., 2020. Upper slope processes and seafloor ecosystems on the Sabrina continental slope, East Antarctica. Mar. Geol. 422, 106091.

Puspasari, T.J., Yordan, A., Suherman, I., 2021. Geoscience Application for Marine Pipe Line Identification and Validation, in: 2021 IEEE Ocean Engineering Technology and Innovation Conference: Ocean Observation, Technology and Innovation in Support of Ocean Decade of Science (OETIC). IEEE, pp. 1–5.

Putra, M.B.P., Soedarsono, J.W., Ferdian, D., Riastuti, R., Mahendra, M., Wibowo, J.H., 2024. Determination of the Risk of Oil and Gas Offshore Pipelines in Indonesia: A Risk-Based Analysis Approach for Developing Inspection Strategy Policy. Journal of Advanced Zoology.

Saroni, A., Maurantonio, F., Casalbore, D., Chiocci, F.L., Cimenti, E., Coltorti, M., Demarte, M., Pierdomenico, M., Spatola, D., Ivaldi, R., 2025. Seafloor morphology and recent dynamics in the Scoglio d’Affrica (Northern Tyrrhenian Sea). Mar. Geol. 484, 107518.

Scarselli, N., 2020. Submarine landslides – architecture, controlling factors and environments. A summary, in: Regional Geology and Tectonics: Principles of Geologic Analysis. Elsevier, pp. 417–439.

Silvianita, Fahreza Inzaghi, M., Rosyid, D.M., Dhanistha, W.L., 2021. Safety Case Development For Risk Management Of Offshore Pipeline. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 698, 012043.

Triantafyllaki, A., Loukidis, D., Papanastasiou, P., 2023. Design of offshore gas pipelines against active tectonic fault movement. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 166, 107702.

Tsoukala, V., Kiousi, D., Sartampakos, P., 2024. Seabed Morphology Assessment and Pockmark Detection for Port Construction and Maintenance, Using a Multibeam Echo-sounder: A Case study in Katakolo Port, Western Peloponnese, Greece. Technical Annals 1.

Unterseh, S., Contet, J., 2015. Integrated Geohazards Assessments offshore Azerbaijan, Caspian Sea, in: Offshore Technology Conference. OTC.

Zulkifli, Z., Clare, M.A., Heijnen, M., Lintern, D., Stacey, C., Talling, P.J., Cartigny, M.J.B., Minshull, T.A., Moreno, H.M., Peakall, J., Darby, S., 2024. A threshold in submarine channel curvature explains erosion rate and type. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 646, 118953.