Slope Stability Analysis Using the FEM Method and Landslide Vulnerability Zoning Using the GIS Kriging Method as the Basis for Structural-Non-Structural Mitigation Formulation Against Landslide Disasters in Sumberarum Village, Songgon District, Banyuwangi Regency, Indonesia

Dora Melati Nurita Sandi; Enes Ariyanto Sandi; Catur Bejo Santoso

Authors

Dora Melati Nurita Sandi Civil Engineering Department, Banyuwangi State Polytechnic, Jember Highway KM 13 Banyuwangi 68461, East Java – Indonesia.
Enes Ariyanto Sandi Civil Engineering Department, Banyuwangi State Polytechnic, Jember Highway KM 13 Banyuwangi 68461, East Java – Indonesia.
Catur Bejo Santoso Civil Engineering Department, Banyuwangi State Polytechnic, Jember Highway KM 13 Banyuwangi 68461, East Java – Indonesia.

Keywords:

Mitigation, Landslide, Slope Stability, GIS

Abstract

Songgon District is one of the areas in Banyuwangi Regency that has a high vulnerability to landslides due to steep slope topography, high rainfall, and tectonic and volcanic activity from Mount Raung. This study aims to analyze slope stability, identify landslide-prone zones, and develop an appropriate disaster mitigation strategy matrix in the area. The research method used is an integrative approach that combines numerical modeling based on the 3D Finite Element Method, and Geographic Information System (GIS)-based spatial mapping with Kriging interpolation techniques. Slope stability analysis was conducted at 15 critical review points spread across the Songgon area. The modeling results show significant variations in slope stability levels, where several critical points show safety factors below the safety limit FK < 1.25. Based on the spatial zoning generated through GIS Kriging, the study area is mapped into three vulnerability zones: low, medium, and high vulnerability zones. As an output of the mapping and analysis of geotechnical parameters, a comprehensive disaster mitigation matrix was prepared, including structural recommendations (such as slope reinforcement and drainage improvements) and non-structural recommendations (such as community-based early warning systems and evacuation route mapping) to minimize the risk of future disaster impacts.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Algoritma, D.A.N., Kriging, I., Idw, D.A.N., Komputasi, B., Pemetaan, D., 2022. PEMANFAATAN SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS KERAWANAN LONGSOR 01, 13–22.

Assyidiqi, S. V, Roviansah, M., Sujaka, M.A., Nugroho, R.P., Misbahudin, 2026. Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Logistic Regression Methods in Bogor Regency. J. Geosci. Eng. Environ. Technol. Special Is.

Bagaskoro, M.N., Shopian, R.I., Ramadian, A., 2024. Stable Slope Design Based On Limit Equlibrium Method (Lem) And Finite Element Method (Fem) At Pit X, Lahat, South Sumatra. J. Geol. Sci. Appl. Geol.

Begum, G., Rao, B.H., 2025. Comprehensive slope stability analysis of bauxite storage facility. Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 19, 400–414.

Cordoba, J.P., Mergili, M., Aristizábal, E., 2019. Probabilistic landslide susceptibility analysis in tropical mountainous terrain using the physically based r.slope.stability model. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

Darwis, M.R., Uca, U., Yusuf, M., 2021. Pemetaan Zonasi Daerah Rawan Bencana Longsor Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografi Di Das Jeneberang Kabupaten Gowa. J. Environ. Sci. 3.

Ebrahim, K.M.P., Gomaa, S.M.M.H., Zayed, T., Alfalah, G., 2024. Rainfall-induced landslide prediction models, part II: deterministic physical and phenomenologically models. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 83, 1–30.

Efendi, A., Balqis, R.D., Anitarini, F., Rachmawan, I., Dwi, R., 2024. Membangun Generasi Tangguh Bencana Meningkatkan Wawasan Dan Sikap Siswa SMPN 1 Songgon Kabupaten Banyuwangi. J. Pengabdi. Masy. 2, 425–433.

Erwanto, Z., Holik, A., Pranowo, D., Afifa, S., 2023. Identification of Land Criticism for Land Conservation Actions in the Badeng Watershed with Regulation of Watershed and Protection Forest Management, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering and Applied Sciences. pp. 484–491.

Fariza, A., Handayani, B.L., 2022. Tindakan Struktural Mitigasi Bencana Pemerintah Di Indonesia. J. Anal. Sosiol. 11, 288–305.

Hidayat, W., Sukimin, R., 2024. Pemetaan Daerah Rawan Longsor Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografis Dalam Upaya Mitigasi Bencana Kota Palopo. Plano Madani J. Perenc. Wil. dan Kota 13, 25–39.

Hilman, Z., Army, E.K., Hendrawan, R.N., 2026. Slope Stability Analysis Through the Application of Digital Imagery and Field Validation Using SMR and Q-Slope Methods: A Case Study of Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia. J. Geosci. Eng. Environ. Technol. 11.

Kamal, A.S.M.M., Hossain, F., Ahmed, B., Rahman, M.Z., Sammonds, P., 2023. Assessing the effectiveness of landslide slope stability by analysing structural mitigation measures and community risk perception. Nat. Hazards 117, 2393–2418.

Karimov, E., Dalğıç, S., Coruk, Ö., Ündül, Ö., Kuşku, İ., 2025. Stability assessment of the Pekmez landslide area: a comparison of the 2D Limit Equilibrium Method (2D LEM), 2D Finite Element Method (2D FEM), and 3D Finite Element Method (3D FEM) 54, 83–107.

Karimov, E., others, 2025. Comparative Analysis of 2D LEM, 2D FEM, and 3D FEM in Slope Stability Assessment: A Case Study of the Pekmez Landslide. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 84.

Kundu, P., Menon, V., Kolathayar, S., Umesh, P., 2026. Macro to nano-scale landslide susceptibility zonation and analysis: insights from the 2024 Shirur landslide. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 85, 297.

Kundu, P., others, 2026. Progressive Failure Mechanics and Post-Peak Shear Strength Degradation of the Shirur Landslide: From Macro to Nano Scale Analysis. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 85.

Laksita, A.G., Faris, F., Rifa, A., 2024. 3D Back Analysis of Karyamekar Landslide, West Java, Indonesia: Effects of Tension Crack and Rainfall on Peak and Residual Soil Shear Strength. J. Civ. Eng. Forum 1, 99–108.

Lutfi, M., Chayati, N., Rulhendri, R., Taqwa, F.M.L., Ramadan, F.R., 2023. Analysis of Cantilever Retaining Wall as Landslide Mitigation on a Tributary of Cisadane River Bogor City. ASTONJADRO.

Melentijevic, S., Gutiérrez-Ch, J.G., Berisavljević, Z., Graterol, E., Berisavljević, D., 2025. Application of LEM, FEM and DEM in Stability Analysis of Highly Jointed Rock Slopes. Transp. Infrastruct. Geotechnol. 12.

Mira, Lestari, M., Gudiato, C., Prasetyo, S.Y., Fibriani, C., 2021. Analisis Potensi Daerah Rawan Longsor di Kecamatan Bawen dan Tuntang dengan Metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). J. Inf. Technol. 1, 17–25.

Munirwan, R.P., others, 2025. Geoengineering Characteristics of Site Soil Profile Analysis using Probabilistic Interpretation Based on Cone Penetration Test. J. Geosci. Eng. Environ. Technol. 10, 38–45.

Nath, S.K., others, 2021. Integrative landslide susceptibility and hazard assessment using GIS-based macro modeling and local 2D-FEM stability analysis in the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya. Nat. Hazards 108, 3271–3304.

Nath, S.K., Sengupta, A., Srivastava, A., 2021. Remote sensing GIS-based landslide susceptibility & risk modeling in Darjeeling–Sikkim Himalaya together with FEM-based slope stability analysis of the terrain. Nat. Hazards 108, 3271–3304.

Nur, A.A., Sandri, D., Ahmada, N.H., Purbandini, R.A., 2024. Implementasi SIG dalam Menentukan Potensi Kerawanan Tanah Longsor sebagai Evaluasi Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah.

Pratama, A.R.S., Misbahudin, 2026. Identification Comparison of Landslide Potential Area with Analytical Hierarchy Process and Logistic Regression Methods in Cisarua District, Bogor Regency. J. Geosci. Eng. Environ. Technol. Special Is.

Pratikno, H., Rahmat, H.K., Sumantri, S.H., 2021. Implementasi Cultural Resource Management Dalam Mitigasi Bencana Pada Cagar Budaya Di Indonesia. Nusant. J. Ilmu Pengetah. Sos. 7, 427–436.

Priyono, Triatmojo, S., Rahayu, 2023. MITIGATION OF LANDSLIDE PRONE AREAS IN ANTICIPATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS. J. Multidiscip. Res.

Ridha, R., Susanti, F., Rahmi, S.R., 2024. Analisis Zonasi dan Kesesuaian Kebijakan Pemanfaatan Lahan pada Kawasan Bencana Longsor Kecamatan Gunungsari Kabupaten Lombok Barat. Spat. Wahana Komun. dan Inf. Geogr. 24, 41–54.

Saepuloh, A., others, 2025. Quantifying Hydrothermal Alteration Derived by Remote Sensing to Trace Weathering Degradation of Rock/Soil Strength. J. Geosci. Eng. Environ. Technol. 10.

Saim, N.M., Kasa, A., 2023. Comparative Analysis of Slope Stability using Finite Element Method (FEM) and Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). 2023 IEEE 14th Control Syst. Grad. Res. Colloq. 224–229.

Sandi, D.M.N., Santoso, C.B., Erwanto, Z., Istanto, K., Articles, S., Conference, I., Engineering, C., 2011. Advances in Civil Engineering, in: Applied Mechanics and Materials. pp. 507–523.

Santoso, C.B., Erwanto, Z., Melati, D., Sandi, N., 2025. Engineering mitigation of flood inundation and riverbank instability under climate variability in the Bomo Watershed , Indonesia.

Umar, I.H., Lin, H., 2024. Applied Sciences: Transforming Landslide Prediction: A Novel Approach Combining Numerical Methods and Advanced Correlation Analysis in Slope Stability Investigation. Appl. Sci.

Umum, D.P., 2005. Departemen pekerjaan umum.

Widayanti, B.H., Apriani, S., Lestari, P., 2021. Mitigation Landslide Disasters and Flood Based on the Local Wisdom of Bentek People, Gangga, District Lombok Utara. CIVeng 2, 19–28.

Zhu, Y., Ishikawa, T., Zhang, Y., Nguyen, B.T., Subramanian, S.S., 2022. A FEM-MPM hybrid coupled framework based on local shear strength method for simulating rainfall/runoff-induced landslide runout. Landslides 19, 2021–2032.