Issoglosses Boundary in a Language Mapping of Malay-Riau Language

Dialectology is a part of sociolinguistics that is known as regional dialect topic. To ease the readers to understand the regional dialect especially in language mapping for certain region, the researcher used isoglosses boundary. Isoglosses boundaryis the line that separate between region of having different etyma. The aim of this research is to elaborate the language mapping in dialectolgy by isoglosses boundary. Method ofthe research used qualitative method explained descriptively. In this research, the researcher conducted a dialectology research in Rokan Hulu Regency by 21 observation spots. In collecting data, there were 200 Swadesh words had been recorded, had been transcribed in phonetic transcription, and had been drawn in language mapping. The result showed that language mapping in Malay-Riau language was easy to analyze the differencess of language used by using isoglosses boundary. The languge mapping founds a language with some dialects used, Malay-Riau language with Bengkalis Minang dialect, with Mandailing dialect since the position of Rokan Hulu Regency lies among 3 regions having different in languages. They are West Sumatra Province with Minangese language, North Sumatra Province with Bataknese/Mandailing language, and Bengkalis Regency with Malay Riau Island language. The most dominant wasMalay-Riau language, Malay-Riau language with Mandailing dialect. It means that, there is only one language used in Rokan Hulu Regency. It is called Malay-Riaulanguage with Mandailing Dialect.


INTRODUCTION
In learning dialectology, as a part of sociolinguistics subject in higher education, it is an interesting thing to know more deeply about language and dialect as good as language in contact affected the language.Language in one region can be similar to the language next to those regions.It can be called language in contact.
In this reserach, the researcher wanted to explained descriptively about Rokan Hulu Regency in Riau Province that uses Malay-Riau Languge.The researcher is interested in Rokan Hulu Regency because the position of this regency lies between two provinces.These provinces have different language, so that, it can be a language contact among Malay-Riau Language in Rokan Hulu Regency between Bataknese or Mandailing Language in North Sumatra Province and Minangese Language in West Sumatra Province.
It can be seen clearly in the following map.In the following map, it can be seen the position of Rokan Hulu Regency and the 21 spots spread distribution of 16 districts in Rokan Hulu (see Figure 1  Based on the background above, the question of this study can be formulated as follows: Isoglosses boundary is used for language mapping to identify language in contact in Rokan Hulu Regency.
This research is expected to be useful especially for Linguistic Subject, lecturers, learners, and future researchers.1.For linguistic subject, isoglosses boundary can be taught in higher education in sociolinguistics class, especially in regional dialect topic.
It is to identify language in contact used as one way to map the language and can be a consideration to design a new curriculum.2. For the lecturers and the higherstudents, it is an interesting and fun way to use isoglosses boundary because it should the students to draw the language mapping to identify regional dialect in sociolinguistic subject.3.For the future researchers, it is the aditional references to them conducting the same language mapping, isoglosses boundary, dialectology, regional dialect, or sociolinguistics terms.

Review of Related Findings
The researcher explained about several related findings about language variation and sociolinguistics as can be seen in the following.Zan, Changjuan(2011) conducted a research entitled "Language Variation and the Implication for Language Teaching".It analyzed students" problem in language variation view of sociolinguistics and suggestions for language teaching.The findings of the research were first the teacher should use material that was suitable to daily communication and should teach cultural background need of each vocabulary.
Onovughe (2012) conducted a research about sociolinguistics entitled "Sociolinguistics Inputs and English as Second Language Classrooms".He took sample from two hundred and forty (240) students in senior secondary school classes were deliberately selected from six secondary schools randomly.Then, he also designed a fourteen-item questionnaire to elicit the required information on the sociolinguistic inputs.The questionnaire was used for data collection.Findings showed parents" occupations have no correlation on students" use of English while gender, age and religion have insignificant or no correlation on secondary school students" use of English.In short, the parents and all authorities should concern with the education of children in order to get their (children) best while learning.
Mede and Dikilitaş (2015) also conducted a research about sociolinguistics entitled "Teaching and Learning Sociolinguistic Competence: Teachers" Critical Perceptions".They took English teachers to ask a questionnaire and submit written reports revealing teachers" perceptions.
The questionnaire was about sociolinguistic competence as part of communicative competence.The results showed that the development of sociolinguistic rules is able to guide students in the selection of appropriate forms closely integrated in language teaching and learning curricula.

J-SHMIC, Vol 5, No 1, February 2018
Issoglosses Boundary in a Language Mapping of Malay-Riau Language: a Dialectology Case 1.2.Sociolinguistics and Regional Dialect Regional dialect can be found in Sociolinguistics subject in university level.Regional dialect generally refers to "dialect" terminology.Mesthrie et al. (2009: 5) said that sociolinguitics isfocusing on language in society onsocial contexts throw upon language.Mesthrie et al. (2009: 43) said thatthe term "dialect" in sociolinguistics is used to explain the speech characteristicof a region (or calledregional dialect) or of a group of society defined bysocial or occupational characteristics.It means that this "dialect" terminology has tightly correlated with analyzing and explaining of language variation interdependent (Malmkjaer and Anderson, 1995: 123).In other words, language variation in regional dialect in this research is mostly about branch of linguistics that learns about dialects, called "dialectology".
Many linguists give the brief definition about dialectology.Dialectology is defined as branch of language related to the cases of language variation in spatial range, horizontal characteristic.(Lauder, 2007: 33).In addition, Chambers andTrudgill (2004: 3) as knowledge about dialect-a language of substandard, language in rural community, generally language in rugged form, language that related to farmer society, language laborer class, or other groups that is not quite prestige.

Language Mapping
In regional dialect, to see the dialect in one region can use language mapping.As linguists, the researcher should know about the definition of language mapping itself.Other names of language mapping are linguistic map, also called dialect atlas.Linguistic mapping is a map of geographic area that show the distribution of specific language features, especially the features that are different from other dialects in one region (Campbell andMixco, 2007: 43).
In language mapping process, there are 3 activities that are combined, such as: a) making the map and filling the symbol or speech into the map, b) publishing the map, and c) investigation of the map (Ayatrohaedi, 2002: 46).In addition, there are 3 kinds of the map that should be prepared for filling the speech gained as data.Ayatrohaedi (2002: 47) explained the 3 kinds of the map: 1) basic map, 2) stand-alone map 3) reconstruction map.The examples of the reconstruction the map can be like: a) issoglosses boundary map or heteroglosses boundary map; b) the certain language indication map, such as: 1) phonologic indication map, 2) specific speech map that is interesting, 3) triangle of dialectometry map, 4) percentage of one spot to other spots map, 5) classification language map or dialect based on dialectometry map.In this research, the researcher used basic map, as well as phonologic map such as triangle dialectometry map.In this research, the researcher focus on two things in making language mapping.They are isoglosses boundary and dialectometry calculation.

Isoglosses Boundary
In accordance with language mapping, it is done by taking the of difference features in lnguage.Te term "isogloss" become familiar first Issoglosses Boundary in a Language Mapping of Malay-Riau Language: a Dialectology Case time in 1892 by J. G. A. Bielenstein, a dialectologist.According Bielenstein, literally, isogloss means "same in language" taken from Greek, wordiso andgloss (Chambers and Trudgill, 2004: 89).The definition of isogloss based on Ayatrohaedi, dialectologist from Indonesia, (2002: 9-10) is a line that is separated one symbol to other symbol of language.While isoglosses boundary are set of lines separated one symbol to other symbol of language.Isoglos boundary is a language device to explain the problem or factor influencing a language.It shows the differences in one etyma that having different lexical.

Research Design
In order to gain the language mapping, qualitative method employed in this study.Then it was described descriptively.

Informant
Furthermore, informant is the main factor in dialectology.This statement is explained in the research done by Rensink (1999: 3-7) about "Informant Classification of Dialect."Rensink showed that informant is important thing to establish dialect boundary in Holland.Informant in Rensink"s research has good knowledge about the area having similarities in language and differences in language compared with informant"s area.The number of informants was by 42 informants, consisting 21 males and 21 females because the observation spots in this research taken from 21 spots.The informants should have the certain characteristic as well as Rensink"s informant characteristic.
Other characteristics stated by Chambers dan Trudgill (2004: 29) is the informants should be NORM"s-Non-mobile, Old, Rural, and Male.Therefore, the informant" characteristics are adapted to NORM;s and combined with the aim of this research 1).The informant should rarely go outside the subdistrict with academic maximum is senior high level, 2).The informant is about 0 60 years old with good/complete organ of speech, 3).The informant is originally from certain region observed, 4).The informant consists of 50% men and 50% male that have same contribution to the specific questionnaires for male or female.

Scope of the Research
The

Questionnaires
The questionnaires in this research are 200 words of Swadesh (basic words) to map the language by using isoglosses boundary.

Technique of Collecting Data
In this study, the researcher collected the data by using "cakap semuka" technique that is in line with "pupuan lapangan method" by Ayatrohaedi (Mahsun, 2005: 128).According to Mahsun, "cakap semuka" technique is a technique used by the researcher by going to the observation spots and having interview-asking and answering activity-(by elecitating the informant face to face based on the questionnaire).It is a suitable technique used for this research, because the pupuan lapangan method is more scientific than pupuan sinurat method (Ayatrohaedi, 2002: 23).This activity (asking and answering activity) can be used 3 ways below: 1) by directly asking the informant (interview), 2) by showing the pictures, and 3) by recording or making some important notes to fulfill the data.

Procedures of the Collecting Data
After determining the observation spots as sample of this research, so the villages visited are still origin or about 100 years exist.On the other hand, the demography of the villages is the originally not transmigration or immigration people.Other way to gain the enough and accurate information about village that still have originally inhabitant is by checking the sub district office of the certain village.
The information gotten from the subdistrict would help get the informants for each subdistrict.Then, the researcher directly went to the village and looked for the informant.Persuasive approach ease the researcher to collect the information of the questionnaires arranged before.

Technique of Analyzing the Data
After collecting the data, the researcher transcribed into phonetic transcription and drawn a language mapping.After that, the researcher used isoglosses in that language mapping of making the language mapping.Isoglosses boundary was taken by drawing one by one language mapping of 200 maps.Drawing the isoglosses boundary was done by comparing one etyma by other etyma in language mapping.If there is a different etyma, the isglosses boundary should be used in that village observed.

Findings
Isoglosses boundary is a line that separates 2 symbols in different etyma.
The isoglosses boundary showed that the difference of etyma used of lexical.Rokan Hulu Regency that lies among 2 provincies is a region that uses Malay-Riau Language having contact with the language of North Sumatra Province in West and in North-West and with the llanguage ofWest Sumatra Province in South-North.The Issoglosses Boundary in a Language Mapping of Malay-Riau Language: a Dialectology Case assumption of there is a language in contact among those regions can be seen by getting interaction, transportation of Rokan Hulu Regency with North Sumatra Province and West Sumatra Province.In short, theoretically, based on the assumption of language in contact of those regions, there were 4 (four) models of separated distribution of isoglosses boundary in this research.
The models of separated distribution of isogloses boundary can be explained briefly in the following, there are language in contact of 1)in Malay-Riau Language with Mandailing Language; 2) in Malay-Riau Language with Minangese Language; 3)in Malay-Riau Language with Kampar Language, 4) in Malay-Riau Language with Malay-Riau Island Language In the research, the researcher would like to explain isoglosses boundary of 200 Swadesh Words.The 200 Swadesh words is the basic words used in the world.The explanation of isoglosses boundary can be seen in the following discussion.

3.2
Discussion of Isoglosses Boundary based on 200 Swadesh Words(Basic Words) In the discussion of isoglosses boundary, the researcher explained isoglosses boundary of 200 Swadesh words taken from each of language mapping.
In the 200 Swadesh words, there were 200 maps.They are map (1) ABU,map (2) AIR , map (3) AKAR,map (4) ALIR (MENGALIR), map (5) ANAK,map (6) ANGIN,map (7) ANJING,map (8) APA,map (9) API,map ( 10 From the isoglosses boundary made from 200 maps of Swadesh words, it can be seen that there is a thick bundle of lines in the villages lies between them-village 8 with village 13, village7 withvillage8, village 7 withvillage 2, village 7 withvillage 6, village 7 withvillage 9, village 13 withvillage 14.On the other word, there is a model of isoglosses boundary that is around village 7 and village 13 in West.These two villages-village 7 and village 13, have highly differences compare with other villages.The differences were caused by the position of these two village geographically is next to North Sumatra.In addition to, the thick bundle of isoglosses boundary can be seen in North-East, in the village 3. The position of village 3 is in the remote area.This village has difference in lexical used or called as different etyma comparing with other villages.Then, the villages in the South-West, village 16, 18, and 18 also have difference in etyma used.These three village (Village 16,18,and 19) are next to West Sumatra Province.Last, there is a thick bundle of isoglosses boundary in village 20 and village 21 in South.These two villages are next to Kampar Regency, Riau Province.

CONCLUSIONS
From the figure of isoglosses boundary of 200 Swadesh words, it can be seen that there are 4 models of distribution of isoglosses boundary that soroundings villages 7 and 13 in West, soroundings village 3 in North-East, soroundings villages 16, 18, and 19 in South-West, and soroundings villages 20 and 21 in South.
From those 4 models of distribution of isoglosses boundary, the most dominant of a thick bundle can be seen around villages 7 and 13.These two villages is next to Nort Sumatra Province.It showed that there is a language in contact between Malay-Riau Rokan Hulu and Mandailing Language.In these villages, the the society used different lexical or different etyma of other villages in Rokan Hulu Regency, for exampleetyma [urat] for gloss AKAR, etyma [ulu:k] for gloss KEPALA, etyma [guŋguruŋ] for gloss PUNGGUNG.These example of diffrenet etyma are only used in villages 7 and 13.In South-West, there are village 16, 18, and 19 that showed a thick bundle of distribution of isoglosses boundary.In these villages, the society tend to use languge as Minangese language.It is caused by language in contact between Malay-Riau Rokan Hulu Language and Minangese language.In North-East, there is village 3. It can be seen that there is a thick bundle, even it is not as thick as the previous villages mentioned above.In this village, the society tend to to use Malay-Riau Island Language.It is caused by language in contact between Malay-Riau Rokan Hulu language and Malay-Riau Island Language, for exampleetyma [budaʔ] for gloss ANAK.Then, in South, there are villages 20 and 21.It can be seen that there is a few bundle of distribution of isoglosses boundary.It Figure 1.Map Rokan Hulu Regency

Isoglosses Boundary Based on 200 Swadesh Words
J-SHMIC, Vol 5, No 1, February 2018 Issoglosses Boundary in a Language Mapping of Malay-Riau Language: a Dialectology Case